Romeo And Juliet/West Side Story Essays - , Term Papers

Romeo And Juliet/West Side Story In approximately 1594, William Shakespeare began to write one of the most well known tragedies in history, Romeo and Juliet. Arguably, no author to date has matched Shakespeares skill and beauty in the creation of this work. However, authors have regurgitated and will continue to regurgitate the theme, star-crossed lovers, for centuries. Martha Duffy remarks in West Side Glory, Slang may change and violence escalate, but the theme of star-crossed city kids has never dated, nor has its appeal diminished (p. 1). The only viable attempt is the work of modern dramatist Arthur Laurents. However, Laurents West Side Story originally written as an attempt to modernize Romeo and Juliet, actually became a work of skill and beauty in its own right. The emphasis is now removed from simply modernizing Romeo and Juliet; the emphasis is the creation of art through a similar theme, yet very differing styles and influences. The similarities abound within Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story; conseque ntly, there are many deviations found in the plots, characters, and authors influences. While certain aspects of the two works remain parallel, many deviations are found within the plot. In West Side Story, the first obvious difference, excluding time periods, is the exile situation. In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is exiled due to public knowledge of his deed. West Side Storys Romeo, Tony, becomes a fugitive because the public is searching for a criminal. In Introduction, Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story: An Appreciation Norris Houghton writes, As a result of this altered circumstance the plot of West Side Story begins at this point to deviate from Shakespeares drama (p. 10). Another deviation in plot is the role of the Friar Laurence character, Doc, in West Side Story. Mr. Houghton also comments, Doc, who is obviously intended as a counterpart of Friar Laurence, takes no comparably active role in the plotting (p.10). Houghton also agrees, More significantly, the false report that the boy receives of the girls death is carried by Anita through the gang as a willful act, not as an unfortuitous happenstance, such as befell Romeo because of the erroneous information Balthasar conveyed and the prevention of Friar Johns delivery of the secret of Juliets feigned death (p.10) The greatest alterations in the plot of West Side Story occur in the final scene. In Romeo and Juliet, the final moment is as expected from a Shakespearean tragedy, almost all of the main characters die. However, Houghton explains that Laurents totally abandons Shakespeares ideals in his final scene. Laurents eschews Shakespeares scheme of the fake death of Juliet induced... to allow time for a reunion with Romeo according to Houghton. Due to this abandonment, Laurents must create his own quasi-tragic ending. Laurents does create the desired ending, and with this creation he removes the slaughter and implants somewhat believable ending. At the end, Laurents Paris and Juliet (Chino and Maria) are still very much alive, and Tony does not take his own life; he is killed by Chino. Some suggest this ending to be a mere alteration to please the Broadway audience. However, Houghton agrees, This can hardly be valid, for a truly sentimental soap-opera denouncement would somehow have saved bot h protagonists from death and reunited them in life (p.11). The other obvious differences in the two works are the characters. The male characters are different obviously due to time period differences. They, just as the female characters, are also different in age. Houghton implies, At fourteen girls may have been betrothed and wed in the sixteenth century; in ours it stretches credulity (p.9). Also, Laurents Juliet character has a different character than that of Shakespeares. Maria is not willing to take her own life for love as explained shown by Mr. Houghton, The contemporary playwright obviously feels that suicide is inconsistent with his heroines character, that her death by her own hand would only diminish her stature (p.11). Also inconsistent with Shakespeares work is the use of Puerto Ricans verses Anglos rather than Capulets and Montagues. The use of parental figure in West Side Story is noted inconsistent as well. The parents of Romeo and Juliet play a considerable role in the Shakespearean work; however, the parents

Influence Of Mega Events On Tourism Tourism Essays

Influence Of Mega Events On Tourism Tourism Essays Influence Of Mega Events On Tourism Tourism Essay Influence Of Mega Events On Tourism Tourism Essay Mega-events addition more and more importance for assorted facets. On the one manus they have immense impacts on the host states and on the other manus they play a important function for the touristry industry ( Roche, 2000 ) . These yearss a immense scope of mega-events is offered to diverse mark groups. Harmonizing to Getz ( 1991 ; as cited in Robertson, 2006 ) athletics events are more celebrated for male participants whereas humanistic disciplines and cultural events derive more importance for female participants. The scope of mega-events offered are large featuring events like the Olympic Games, the FIFA football World Cup, Formula One, every bit good as many more subjects. Furthermore there are besides World Fairs like the Expo, large music festivals as for illustration the Glastonbury Festival in the sou-west of England or the Cannes Film Festival in France, merely to call some of the legion offers. All of them are taking topographic point in different states, parts or metropoliss spread out all over the universe. Some of them ever stay in one location whereas others rotate or change the locale each clip. Besides there is besides a fluctuation in the frequence the events take topographic point. There are some events that are hold several times during a twelvemonth and there are others that are one time a twelvemonth whereas many merely even occur every 2nd, 3rd or 4th twelvemonth. Besides the continuance of each individual event varies. The purpose of this essay is to critically measure the influence mega-events have on touristry. It contains general information about mega-events, like definitions. As there is a immense scope of different events along with many issues, the writer of this essay is concentrating on athleticss mega-events merely ; on their diverse stakeholders every bit good as on the undertaking of hosting them. The essay ends with a decision and recommendations for future mega- events. Mega-events in general are non easy to specify due to the different signifiers as mentioned in the debut. In 1988 Jafari did non cognize how to clearly specify them. For him it was non clear what an event needed to carry through to be considered a mega-event. Therefore he had the undermentioned inquiries that needed to be answered beforehand: Is it more of import to see the figure of visitants attracted ? Or should it be the continuance or the orientation it has that makes it a mega-event ( Jafar Jafari, 1988: 272 ) ? However, Robertson ( 2006: 1 ) presented the definition Roche ( 1994 ) made: Mega-events are best understood as large-scale cultural ( including commercial and featuring ) events which have a dramatic character, mass popular entreaty and international significance. Roche avoids paying attending to the continuance but in contrast considers the international importance as a key-value. Sing the global significance he mentions within his definition, can be absolutely reflected in the country of athleticss mega-events which are performed by international jocks and at the same time are watched all over the universe. But before even reasoning about athleticss mega-events it is of import to specify what they are considered to be. Harmonizing to Horne ( 2006 ) sport mega-events are of import elements in the orientation of states to international or planetary society. As can be seen here, Horne talks about the importance of the global idea as good. This makes obvious that mega-events ever have an influence on the whole universe. There is the possibility that they take topographic point about all over the universe and besides that the visitants are coming from all over the universe, excessively, to watch such a spectacle, which covers the touristry facet in this instance. But it is of import to be cognizant that every individual event has a different figure of visitants coming due to several grounds. Above all it is necessary to look at the topographic point the event takes topographic point. This is really important because of likely bing political issues, terrorist onslaughts, conditions ( e.g. monsoon ) and wellness hazards ( e.g. malaria ) for illustration, tourers would instead see a state where they fee l safe than a state where they perchance would be afraid of. So the figure of visitants attracted is non merely dependant on the subject of the event itself but besides on the state where it takes topographic point. One cardinal inquiry is: why did mega-events addition such an importance for the whole planetary community within the last old ages? To clear up this inquiry Horne ( 2006 ) suggests as stated in Robertson ( 2006:2 ) that there are three grounds for the enlargement and turning attractive force of mega-events. First he mentions the media as an of import factor for it. The possibility to utilize mass communicating is responsible for unprecedented planetary audiences for these eyeglassess. As can be seen, the media makes it possible for the whole universe to take part in a certain manner in mega-events by e.g. watching them on Television or reading about them in newspapers. Second he names a theoretical account called tri-partite theoretical account . Within this theoretical account are sponsorship rights, sole broadcast medium rights and selling which have been pulling patrons by the association with the athleticss and the huge planetary audience exposure the events achieve. ( Robertson, 2006:2 ) . And thirdly there is besides the importance of using as host state, metropolis or part because harmonizing to Robertson ( 2006: 2 ) mega-events have become seen as valuable promotional chances for metropoliss and parts. Particularly this 3rd ground makes obvious why there are ever so many metropoliss, parts and states using to host such a large spectacle. However, these bidders should take into consideration that hosting a mega-event can besides do negative impacts. For illustration for the Olympic Games 2008 in Beijing where a immense figure of people has been displaced in the readying of the Games for constructing the needed substructure. This is a bad issue because the same job will inevitable occur for the Olympic Games taking topographic point in London 2012 and likely besides for all the approaching Games in the hereafter. However, when believing about this it is non truly sensible that for illustration the local population has to endure when a mega-event is taking topographic point in the country where they are populating. Otherwise hosting a mega-event has many advantages for the host metropolis, part or state: legion occupations are created and most notably there is the possibility of enlarging touristry. But harmonizing to Roche ( 2000: 141 ) : [ aˆÂ ¦ ] any new command is likely to concentrate on long-run image-building and non short-run touristic economic returns. That means that those responsible of a possible host metropolis or state know, that they might non profit from the event short-run but there will be more touristry long-run due to an improved image for illustration. This goes along with Kang and Perdue ( 1994 ; as cited in Roche, 2000: 141 ) : mega-events have a long-run impact on international touristry to the host state ; the impact is the greatest in the twelvemonth following the event and diminishes over clip. Besides that there are other writers who besides see the possible economic impact. As stated by Toohey and Veal ( 2007 ) the possible positive economic consequence is the ground for metropoliss and states to offer to host a mega-event. In add-on to the possibility to enlarge touristry in long-run there are several other stimulations to host a mega-event harmonizing to Richard Cashman ( 1999 ; as cited in Toohey and Veal, 2007: 74 ) : He mentions different signifiers of bequests like economic benefits, built environment ( transport substructure ) , public life, political relations, civilization and built clean substructure. All these bequests benefit the host metropolis or state long-run. Additionally to the long-run impacts there is ever the danger of incorrect appraisals harmonizing to Horne ( 2006 ; as stated in Robertson, 2006: 5 ) : [ aˆÂ ¦ ] prognosiss are about ever incorrect. [ aˆÂ ¦ ] A major concern in considerations of athleticss mega-events has been the spread between the prognosis and existent impacts on economic system, society and civilization. Harmonizing to Horne and Manzenreiter ( 2006 ) another of import fact is that on the one manus some countries will profit through tourers sing a mega-event but on the other manus the organisers have to be cognizant that tourers who possibly would hold come to see the metropolis or part will non come because they are non interested in the event. There will ever be a batch of people who come because of the event taking topographic point but there will besides be adequate people who avoid to see the host metropolis or part because they are possibly non interested in the event that is offered or they do non desire to be in that peculiar topographic point when there are so many other people at the same clip. Harmonizing to Kim and Chalip ( 2004: 695 ) sellers of mega-events have the demand to excite international trial to their event in order to optimise the events fiscal and touristry results. As seen it is the undertaking of the sellers to do a mega-event attractive to appeal to as many tourers as possible. Sing the facet of pulling tourers Kim and Chalip ( 2004 ) see events as pull-factors for finishs. This goes along with Alexandris et Al. ( 2009 ) , who mention that mega-events play an of import function in schemes that expressly target an international touristry market. In add-on to this, Weed ( 2008: 296 ) provinces that The chief economic benefit for a part derives from the ingestion by visitants during the event and increased touristry in the station event period. As can be seen he besides mentions the addition of touristry takes topographic point after the event and to boot brings up the theory of ingestion during the event. But it is non easy to gauge the economic benefit that will be made through hosting a mega-event because along with Preuss ( 2008 ; as cited in Weed, 2008: 296 ) one of the chief hurdlings in finding the economic impact of major multi-sport events on a metropolis or part is the deficiency of cognition on ingestion forms of visitants and the figure of ind ividuals that are sing the event. There are many different parties that make net income through the ingestion of the visitants like air hoses, hotels, eating houses, sightseeing administrations every bit good as general tourer attractive forces. As a mega-event is such a large spectacle it has to be planned for a really long clip. Harmonizing to Robertson ( 2006: 10 ) [ aˆÂ ¦ ] things come together after months and sometimes old ages of planning. Therefore different stakeholders are indispensable as there are so many undertakings that have to be fulfilled and as there is the demand of a immense sum of money to do mega-events go on. This leads to a really of import inquiry: who is paying for organizing any sort of mega-event? A perfect illustration that shows the complexness about funding a mega-event are the approaching Olympic Games in London 2012. As the official Internet website presentation of the Olympic Games in London provinces, there are two cardinal administrations one private, one populace. ( London 2012, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to this website the private sector is the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games ( LOCOG ) . The budget they have will be delivered through the privat e sector by for illustration the sale of tickets and trading articles, every bit good as it will have income from the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and extra money through a domestic sponsorship programme ( London 2012, 2010 ) . The public sector, which is responsible for the new locales and the substructure, is represented by the Olympic Delivery Authority ( ODA ) . TheA ODA is funded by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, the Greater London Authority, the London Development Agency and the Olympic Lottery Distributor ( London 2012, 2010 ) . As can be seen there are many different organisations that have to pay a immense sum of money to fund this specific large spectacle. And of class it would non be possible to do such an event happen if there were non so many support it. However, as mentioned by Toohey and Veal ( 2007 ) the host metropolis or state knows beforehand that hosting a mega-event will be them more money than they in fact will derive. So why are at that place each clip so many bidders who want to host a mega-event? This inquiry can easy be answered with the already above mentioned statements that the long-run impacts of these events are more of import for a metropolis or the whole state than the fact that they have to pay more money than they really will have through hosting them. This facet was already found out by Pyo et Al. ( 1988 ; as stated in Roche, 2000: 141 ) by looking on several Olympic Games between 1964 and 1984, that there were non adequate visitants and there was non adequate disbursement by them to warrant the event costs . Along with Toohey and Veal ( 2007: 127 ) the most of import beginning of income for the organisers are the airing rights: [ aˆÂ ¦ ] the Olympic Movement is significantly dependent on income from airing rights. Furthermore they list some other chief beginnings of income for Game events: universe and local sponsorship, ticket gross revenues, lottery, sale of trading articles every bit good as Government contributions. ( Toohey and Veal, 2007: 135 ) . These statements show that there are many beginnings where money can be gained earlier and during a mega-event but it has ever and likely will ever be less than the money spend beforehand and during the event by the organisers. Research for this essay shows that it is non easy to specify mega-events in one term due to the immense scope of bing events. However there are assorted sorts of events that are called mega-events but each individual event has a different figure of visitants, a different mark group that is attracted and besides the continuance varies. The fact that mega-events can take topographic point practically all over the universe makes them a modern-day issue for the travel and touristry industry. There may be some tourers who could be afraid to see a certain state for illustration due to political issues or wellness hazards. Therefore each state that is chosen to host a mega-event will hold different impacts. There will ever be a difference in the figure of visitants attracted to an event and above all each host metropolis or state will hold different long-run touristry impacts afterwards. As seen hosting a mega-event does non gain the host metropolis or state short-run but all the statements like enlarging touristry long-run, constructing enduring conveyance substructure and edifice up the image of a state are more of import than the loss of money that likely will be coming in the old ages after the event took topographic point. But even when the costs for hosting mega-events are much higher than the money gained through them such immense events are really of import for the whole universe as already mentioned by Robertson ( 2006 ) and Weed ( 2008 ) . Because of all the above mentioned statements mega-events are a modern-day issue for travel and touristry and due to the fact that such events will at least take topographic point in the close hereafter the issues will be prevailing. In the sentiment of this essays writer events and particularly mega-events conveying the universe together due to the planetary importance and decidedly assist people to acquire a better apprehension of other states. Mega-events like Olympic Games and exhibitions have been and go on to be of import phenomena at many degrees and in many respects . ( Roche, 2000:5 )

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Personal Statement Example That is why I have always advocated charity clinics and free consultations for those in need whenever I have the time to spare. The volunteer service and hospital based training I did in India allowed me to treat medical cases that helped enhance my patient diagnosing skills. These were on the job experiences that came in handy when I came over to the US for further training. Although only a student under the supervision of internal/family medicine physicians, I am currently being allowed to develop my skills by working alongside them in clinical trials while I continue to pursue the requirements to complete my medical residency in the U.S. This type of interaction with both patients and fellow physicians has certainly come a long way in honing what I hope to be world class physician skills in the future. I know very well that I need to keep myself physically and emotionally well-rounded as well if I am to continue serving my patients to the best of my abilities. That is why I always take the time during my very busy work week to stay fit with various sports activities like tennis. I also make sure to set aside my weekends to reconnect with my family. These activities will help me deal with the high pressure job of being a doctor and has translated into continuously improving and evolving medical skills for my patients. I have been taught b

Spotify Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Spotify - Essay Example The strategic framework of SpotifyTM will help to implement technology to sustain competitive advantage in terms of cost and efficiency. Formulating other forms of strategies such as e-marketing, CRM, or SCM as part of organisation’s strategy helps a company to mange and utilise their resources optimally. Introduction SpotifyTM provides cloud based music streaming service delivered via internet mobile phones. Through cloud computing it offers subscribers access to its vast database of music. To maintain such large database the company would require effective managing of its information system. The information system is not isolated and constitutes interaction between hardware, software, data, people, and telecommunication. These components of an information system are built to create, assemble, and distribute important data and information to people across the globe (Lucey, 2004, p.31). From the information system hierarchy model it can be said that the strategic development i s a top down approach and it flows downwards from the top level management of organisation. The information system connects the top level management with people and process (Doyle, 2001, pp.2-14). ... he business strategy of SpotifyTM is to adapt to new technology of cloud computing and generate revenues through cloud based business model which will allow subscribers unlimited access to music database at least cost and shortest time. Using the five forces model, the relative attractiveness of cloud based technology industry can be analysed as follows: Threat of New Entrants - SpotifyTM offers its subscribers a vast database of music via cloud computing technology. As a result the subscribers will have faster access to music more conveniently and even from their mobile sets, at any place any time without having them to carry memory devices. At the same time multi-user interface will not slow down the server. The users will also get unlimited storage space and remote access even if their hard disk may have limited space. All these features and facilities provided by SpotifyTM are unlikely to face threat from the new entrants. Bargaining Power of Suppliers - The cost of cloud computi ng is economical since the database is centralised. It also requires less space, bandwidth and power. Thus, suppliers will have limited influence over SpotifyTM business model. Bargaining Power of Buyers - Cloud computing is very cost effective as it do not require subscribers to invest extra time and money to use standalone servers. Using cloud based computing the subscriber will get the opportunity to save money on data storage cost, management cost, and software updates. Threat of Substitutes – The only threat to cloud based technology is open source computing but it is much slower and requires the subscriber to have physical memory in order to store data which makes it more expensive compared to cloud based technology. Rivalry among Existing Competitors - SpotifyTM offers cloud based

Tuition Fees in British Universities Essay Example for Free

Tuition Fees in British Universities Essay Review   all   the   arguments   for   and   against   the   introduction   of   Tuition   Fees   for   entry   into   British   Universities   as   reported   in   the   media. Introduction British   higher   education   enjoyed   the   golden   days   of   70s   –   80s   when   the   generous   support   of   taxpayer   was   even   protected   from   the   intrusion   of   the   Government   by   the   autonomous   University   Grants   Committee.   During   this   period,   not   only   there   were   no   tuition   fees   but   there   was   also   a   generous   means-tested   mandatory   grants   enjoyed   by   most   of   the   students. However,   these   generous   facilities   could   not   be   maintained   since   the   beginnings   of   1980s   and   the   gradual   abolition   of   support   started   with   eliminating   the   overseas   students’   subsidies,   limitations   in   the   eligibility   for   general   social   welfare   grants   and   the   freezing   of   mandatory   grants.    Eventually   grants   were   totally   abolished   in   1997   and   were   replaced   by   loans.   (Johnstone,   2004)   The   Labour   party   represented   by   Mr   Charles   Clarke,   Secretary   of   State   for   Education,   proposed   legislation   for   top-up   fees   which   became   law   in   the   Higher   Education   Act   2004,   though   it   will   be   implemented   in   the   2006   –   2007   academic   year. Previously   the   undergraduate   fees   in   most   universities   were    £1,050.   However,   by   the   implementation   of   differential   fees   or   top-up   the   universities   will   be   able   to   charge   much   more.   According   to   the   Guardian   (2002)   â€Å"The   new   proposals   would   mean   that   universities   could   charge   nearer   the   real   cost   of   studying,   thought   to   be   an   average   of    £5,000   in   the   UK.   But   depending   on   the   institution,   department   and   course,   it   could   be   much   more.   More   loans   would   be   available   to   allow   students   to   pay   fees   up   front.† This   issue   has   been   debated   by   different   parties   and   is   still   facing   a   lot   of   opposition   despite   the   fact   that   it   is   meant   to   be   implemented   in   the   academic   year   2006   –   2007.   In   this   paper   I   am   going   to   study   the   arguments   for   and   against   under   the   following   headings: The Political   Debate Universities and   Students’   Point   of   View Conclusions The   Political   Debate The   Government’s   debate   for   top-up   tuition   fees   originates   from   describing   the   role   and   mission   of   universities   and   the   challenges   they   face   to   accomplish   their   goals.   Mr   Clarke   summarises   the   ambitions   that   the   Government   is   planning   to   achieve   by   the   proposal   in   his   white   paper   as: â€Å"First,   our   universities   have   to   make   better   progress   in   harnessing   our   knowledge   to   the   process   of   creating   wealth. And,   second,   they   have   to   extend   the   opportunities   of   higher   education   to   all   of   our   population,   irrespective   of   their   personal   and   economic   background†Ã‚   (Clark’s   White   Paper   Speech) Then   he   further   states   the   role   of   universities   nationally   in   adapting   to   the   changing   world   and   effecting   change   rather   than   being   affected   by   it. â€Å"In   short,   in   a   world   of   accelerating   change,   we   all   need   to   understand   that   our   societys   principal   weapon   in   ensuring   that   we   master   change,   rather   than   surrendering   to   it,   is   our   education   system,   and   principally   our   universities† Then   he   identifies   the   missions   of   the   universities:   â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚   are   research,   knowledge   transfer   and,   perhaps   most   important   of   all,   teaching†Ã‚   (Clarke,   White   Paper   Speech)   Then   he   describes   the   challenges   universities   face   to   achieve   these   missions   and   argues   for   an   ‘endowment’   device   as   the   best   solution   for   creating   ‘a   financial   regime’.   However,   this   will   take   a   long   time   before   it   becomes   a   reliable   resource.   Therefore   he   argues   for   the   short   term   funding   and   concludes: â€Å"As   countries   throughout   the   world   have   discovered,   requiring   students   to   contribute   to   the   cost   of   their   education   is   the   only   realistic   alternative.† The   Government’s   justification   is   that   this   is   only   fair   since   graduates   earn   double   the   earnings   of   non-graduates   and   therefore   should   contribute   to   the   system   producing   the   considerable   economic   benefits   they   will   enjoy   as   graduates.   It   is   also   pointed   out   that   the   taxpayer   will   rightly   make   a   comparison   and   ask   what   they   benefit   from   their   support   of   the   system. The   Secretary   of   State   for   Education   announced   the   details   of   the   Government’s   proposal,   which   can   be   summarised   in   the   following   points: Universities will   be   able   to   vary   fees   from    £0   to    £3,000      but   fees   can   vary   between   courses,   not   just   between Disadvantaged students   will   get   financial   support   to   study   what   they   want   when   they All students   will   also   protect   by   abolishing   up-front      This   means   no   student      or   their   family      has   to   find   tuition   fees   before   they   start   their   course. Students will   be   helped   further   by   increasing   the   student   loan   in   line   with   living      Students   shouldnt   have   to   rely   on   credit   cards   and   commercial   debt. The bursary   system   will   also   be   fair   on   both   students   and   the   universities,   who   will   use   some   of   their   extra   income   to   provide The   immediate   criticism   made   was   that   the   Labour   Party   effected   the   legislation   though   their   manifesto   promise   regarding   tuition   fees   reads:   â€Å"We   have   no   plans   to   introduce   University   top-up   fees,   and   have   legislated   to   prevent   their   introduction.   The   defensive   rebuttal   made   by   the   Labour   Party   is   that   the   legislation   will   not   take   effect   during   2001   –   2005   Parliament   which   angered   even   the   supporters   of   the   Labour   Party   who   did   not   like   this   mechanism   of   defence. On   the   other   hand,   the   Liberal   Democrats   Party   has   a   strong   counter   debate   based   on   a   number   of   points.   Firstly   they   think   that   top-up   fees   are   unfair   for   a   number   of   reasons: They claim   that   tuition   fees   widened   the   gap   between   social   classes   the   evidence   for   which   is   provided   by   the   independent   National   Audit   Office,   which   belongs   to   the      In   their   research   report   in   the   Student   Income   and   Expenditure   Survey   2002-2003   they   conclude   that   â€Å"The   social   class   gap   among   those   entering   higher   education   is   unacceptably   wide   and   has   widened. Tuition fees   have   been   a   strong   disincentive   for   access   to   higher   education;   and   now   with   the   top-up   fees   this   situation   will      In   fact,   this   is   the   conclusion   of   Professor   Claire   Callender   of   South   Bank   University   who   conducted   a   research   for   the   Government.   He   concludes:   Top-up   fees   of    £3000   will   put   even   more   poor   students   off   university. The poorest   students   are   affected   most   of   all   by   the   debt      This   is   evidential   in   the   Student   Income   and   Expenditure   Survey   which   reports   that   in   2002-2003,   the   poorest   students   affected   by   the   burden   of   debt   were   43%   more   than   the   rich   students.   More   evidences   were   provided   by   Barclay   in   a   survey   conducted   in   2004   (Annual   Survey   of   Expected   Student   Debt)   which   revealed   that   the   projected   average   debt   on   graduation   is    £12,069   (up   10%   on   the   previous   year).   Barclays   surveys   also   predicted   that   debt   on   graduation   will   triple   by   2010,   to    £33,708. Another point   indicating   social   classes   gap   is   the   fact   that   poor   students   take   longer   hours   of   paid      Statistics   of   Students   Income   and   Expenditure   Survey   of   2002-2003   report   that   58%   of   students   took   paid   work   during   term   time   while   this   was   47%   in   the   survey   of   1998-1999.   This   situation   is   particularly   bad   for   students   on   longer   courses,   e.g.   medical   students According to   their   ‘Sign   the   Petition’   article   titled   â€Å"Scrap   Tuition   Fees   and   Top-up   Fees†Ã‚   the   repayment   system   is   also      In   their   own   words: â€Å"The   post-graduation   repayment   system   will   impose   what   amounts   to   a   very   high   marginal   rate   of   income   tax   (higher   than   the   rate   paid   by   a   millionaire)   on   those   least   able   to   pay      young   graduates   just   out   of   college   and   those   working   in   lower   paid   jobs   in   the   public   services   and   voluntary   sector   (disproportionately   women   and   from   the   ethnic   minorities).   The   House   of   Commons   Library   concludes   that   graduates   earning   as   low   as    £35,115   are   already   paying   a   marginal   tax   rate   of   50%,   as   they   pay   off   their   student   loans.   They   will   be   doing   so   for   a   great   deal   longer   to   pay   off   much   greater   debts   if   top-up   fees   are   introduced   as   the   Government   proposes.   The   Library   figures   also   reveal   that   graduates   earning   as   little   as    £15,000   will   pay   a   marginal   tax   rate   of   42%,   more   than   the   current   marginal   rate   for   the   very   highest   earners.† Secondly,   the   Liberal   Democrats   claim   that   top-up   fees   will   not   solve   the   funding   problem.   While   there   is   no   question   that   universities   need   money,   the   important   question   is   where   this   money   should   come   from.   The   Government’s   argument   in   support   of   top-up   fees   is   that   it   will   create   â€Å"a   more   sustainable   funding   regime†,   the   same   justification   of   for   tuition   fees   which   did   not   sort   out   the   funding   problem   for   universities.   Similar   results   are   expected   with   top-up   fees. Top-up   fees   will   not   solve   the   funding   problem:   Everybody   agrees   that   universities   need   more   money.   The   question   is,   where   should   the   money   come   from?   The   Government   says   that   top-up   fees   are   needed   in   order   to   create   a   more   sustainable   funding   regime.   But   exactly   the   same   argument   was   used   to   justify   tuition   fees.   Instead,   funding   per   student   by   the   taxpayer   was   cut   during   Labours   first   term   in   office   and   tuition   fees   merely   plugged   the   gap,   leaving   universities   no   better   off.   The   same   is   likely   to   happen   with   top-up   fees. Thirdly   the   Liberal   Democrats   believe   that   the   Government’s   scheme   is   inefficient. â€Å"The   Government   is   switching   from   up-front   fees   to   post-graduation   repayment   via   the   student   loan   system.   The   cost   to   the   taxpayer   of   financing   this   debt   will   be   substantial.   The   Explanatory   Notes   published   alongside   the   Higher   Education   Bill   indicate   that,   in   order   to   raise    £1   billion   for   universities   in   top-up   fees   income,   the   cost   to   the   taxpayer   will   be   in   the   region   of    £445   million†Ã‚   (Scrap   the   Tuition   Fees   article). Finally   the   liberal   Democrats   are   of   the   opinion   that   education   should   be   free   and   nobody   should   be   denied   access   to   learning   because   of   their   financial   abilities.   This   cannot   be   achieved   unless   tuition   is   free. The   Liberal   Democrats   are   challenged   by   a   valid   question:   What   would   you   do?   They   promise   that   they   would   abolish   all   tuition   fees.   In   other   words   they   would   cancel   the   present    £1125   and   make   sure   that   no   other   charge   will   be   considered. In   addition   they   would   assist   the   low-income   students   by   reintroducing   maintenance   grants   to   meet   living   costs   and   restore   the   students’   right   to   housing   and   unemployment   benefits   during   summer.   The   assistance   will   not   be   limited   to   students   it   will   also   be   extended   to   universities   by   providing   more   resources   that   will   enable   them   to   recruit   and   retain   good   staff   and   improve   the   quality   of   services   in   terms   of   buildings   and   libraries   etc.   A   more   ambitious   resolution   is   the   following: â€Å"Develop   a   21st   century   higher   education   system   which   would   bring   together   universities,   further   education   and   e-learning,   open   up   routes   to   technical   and   vocational   as   well   as   academic   qualifications   and   make   it   easier   for   those   who   wish   to   study   part-time†Ã‚   (Scrap   Tuition   Fees   article† However,   how   is   this   going   to   be   achieved?   The   Liberal   Democrats   say   that   these   commitments   can   be   funded   by   their   proposed   50%   income   tax   for   those   who   earn   more   than    £100,000.   Whether   this   would   be   sufficient   or   not   is   another   question   to   be   answered. Universities   and   Students’   Point   of   View Universities   UK,   a   body   representing   vice-chancellors,   is   of   the   opinion   that   the   Education   Bill   (which   is   now   a   law)   is   necessary   and   fair.   (Brown,   2003)   Brown   emphasises   the   need   for   increased   funding   for   university   teaching,   which   had   been   reduced   over   the   last   two   decades   resulting   in   universities   facing   difficulties   to   achieve   their   main   goals.   He   asserts   that   â€Å"we   risk   losing   our   international   reputation   for   the   quality   and   effectiveness   of   our   higher   education   system.† Another   Universities   UK   authority   asked   to   comment   by   the   BBC   News   commented   as   follows: â€Å"Lets   look   at   what   is   actually   being   proposed   in   the   UK.   The   package   here   offers   students   no   up-front   fees,   loan   forgiveness   at   25   years,   no   real   rate   of   interest,   a   generous   grant   and   bursary   system   and   a   cap   on   the   fee   itself.   By   these   means,   the   UK   scheme   seeks   to   avoid   the   problems   which   others   have   found   elsewhere.   What   is   being   proposed   in   the   UK   will   ensure   that   the   poorest   students   will   be   better   off   while   studying   under   these   arrangements   than   they   are   now      and   they   are   also   effectively   indemnified   against   low   earnings   after   graduation.† Therefore,   we   can   conclude   that   universities   support   the   Government’s   proposal   and   see   it   as   the   most   appropriate   solution.   Brown   in   his   articles   dismissed   the   counter   argument   of   the   Conservatives   and   concluded   that   the   Government’s   proposal   is   fair   and   offers   a   sustainable   solution: â€Å"Universities   are   asking   for   a   major   increase   in   funding,   partly   from   public   funds   and   partly   from   individuals.   Given   the   scale   of   the   funding   gap,   Universities   UK   thinks   it’s   fair   to   ask   those   who   benefit   most   from   higher   education   –   graduates   –   to   contribute   proportionally   more   to   its   costs.   While   the   higher   earnings   of   graduates   mean   that   the   majority   of   UK   taxpayers   who   earn   over    £100,000   have   benefited   from   higher   education,   a   significant   proportion   of   this   group   have   not.   We   therefore   consider   this   solution   to   be   a   relatively   poorly   targeted   way   of   raising   the   necessary   money,   compared   with   the   form   of   progressive   taxation   offered   by   the   Government   proposals   which   targets   only   those   who   have   been   to   university.† On   the   other   hand,   students   represented   by   National   Union   of   Students,   seem   to   be   against   the   to-up   fees   scheme   and   are   pointing   out   the   fall   in   applications   for   universities   which   they   describe   as   â€Å"extremely   worrying†.   In   the   words   of   NUS   president   Kat   Fletcher,   â€Å"The   drop   in   applications   is   extremely   worrying,   and   suggests   that   top-up   fees   and   the   debt   they   represent   are   deterring   potential   students. According   to   Mandy   Telford,   National   Union   of   Students   president: â€Å"If   top-up   fees   come   in,   then   more   and   more   students   will   be   forced   to   choose   their   course   based   on   its   cost   and   therefore   put   themselves   at   a   disadvantage   before   they   even   graduate.   Increased   fees   will   mean   some   employers   will   look   at   the   cost   of   a   course   rather   than   a   graduates   ability.   Furthermore,   if   the   Government   does   not   provide   a   decent   student   funding   package,   then   those   students   forced   to   work   long   hours   in   paid   work   will   be   unable   to   get   involved   in   CV-enhancing   extra-curricular   activities.   This   will   further   widen   the   gulf   between   the   haves   and   have-nots   on   campus   and   after   grad uation.† It   is   obvious   that   the   students   are   against   the   scheme   and   are   worried   about   consequences   they   portrait   whether   they   are   actual   or   assumed   ones. Conclusions It   is   definite   that   the   scheme   proposed   by   the   Government   is   facing   a   lot   of   opposition   mainly   from   obviously   the   Liberal   Democrats,   the   UK’s   well   organized   National   Student   Unions,   the   Labour   Party’s   vocal   political   left.   This   is   so   despite   the   fact   that   some   parts   of   the   Government’s   proposal   seem   fair   and   plausible. It   would   have   been   in   the   interest   of   all   parties   concerned   to   remove   the   issue   from   the   political   agenda   and   refer   it   to   professionals   to   study   and   recommend   feasible   solutions. References Johnstone, D. Bruce (2004) – Fear and Loathing of Tuition Fees: An American Perspective on Higher Education Finance in the UK – downloaded on 12 December from: http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthigheredfinance/Publications/Fear%20and%20Loathing%20of%20Tuition%20Fees%20PDF.pdf Liberal Democrats (scraptuitionfees.com) – Why do the Liberal Democrats oppose tuition fees and to-up fees? – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://www.scraptuitionfees.com/pages/Why.phtml Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia – Top-up fees – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-up_fees Curtis, Polly – Clarke comes out fighting over fees -Guardian Unlimited (November 26 2003) – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://politics.guardian.co.uk/queensspeech2003/story/0,13994,1093724,00.html Newspaper Article Students Want Top-Up Fees Looked at as Applications Fall The Birmingham Post February 16, 2006. Newspaper Article – Charles Clarke’s statement to the Commons – Guardian Unlimited (January 22 2003) – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://education.guardian.co.uk/specialreports/tuitionfees/story/0,,880051,00.html Nigel Brown (2003) – What’s it worth? The case for variable graduate contributions: A report for Universities UK – Universities UK BBC News Viewpoints: Tuition fees – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3583401.stm Webb, Steve –Liberal Democrat MP (11 August 2003) – Current Features: Top-up Fees Cause Universal Concern – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://www.libdems.org.uk/parliament/feature.html?id=5133navPage=features.html Guardian Unlimited (November 26 2003) – Paying the price in education – downloaded on 11 December 2006 from: http://education.guardian.co.uk/students/tuitionfees/story/0,12757,1093673,00.html Sing Gill, Parmjit MP (25 January 2005) – Adjournment Debate: University top-up and tuition fees – downloaded on 11 December 2006 fro: http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/parliament/showBriefing.asp?id=20

Common Computer Based Information Systems Information Technology Essay

Common Computer Based Information Systems Information Technology Essay Human resources- finds and hires people, handles such matters as sick leave, retirement benefits, evaluation, compensation, and professional development. Research- conducts product research and development, monitors and troubleshoots new products. Discuss the roles of the three kinds of management in a corporation. Top level- concerned with long-range planning and forecasting. Middle-level- deals with control, planning, decision making, and implementing long term goals. Supervisors- control operational matters, monitor day- to -day events, and supervise works. What are the four most common computer-based information systems? Transaction processing system(TPS) Management information system(SIM) Decision support systems(DSS) Executive support systems(ESS) Describe the different reports and their roles in managerial decision making. Transaction processing system(TPS)- record day-to-day transactions. For example in accounting, which handles in six activities: sales order processing, accounts receivable, inventory and purchasing, accounts payable, payroll, and general ledger. Management information system(SIM)-produce predetermined periodic, exception, and demand reports. Management information system use database management systems to integrate the databases of different departments. Decision support systems(DSS)-enable managers to get answers for unanticipated questions. Teams formed to address large problems use group decision support systems(GDDS). A DSS consist of user, system software, data-internal and external, and decision models. Three types of decision models are strategic, tactcal, and operational. Executive support systems(ESS)-assist top-level executives. An executive support system is similar to MIS or DSS but easier to use. ESSs are design specifically for top-level decision makers. What is the difference between an office automation system and a knowledge work system? Office automation systems(OAS) support data workers who are involved with distribution and communication of information. Project managers and videoconferencing systems are OAS. Knowledge work systems(KWS) support knowledege workers, who creates information. Many engineers use computer aided design/ computer aided manufacturing(CAD/CAM) systems. CHAPTER 12 : DATABASES Describe the five logical data groups or categories. Character-the most basic logical data element. It is a single letter, number or special character such as a punctuation mark or symbol like $. Field-field or group of related character. A data field represents an attribute (description/characteristic) of some entity (person, place, thing or object). Record-collection of related fields. A record represents a collection of attributes that describe an entity. Table-collection of related records. Database-an integrated collection of logically related tables. What is the difference between batch processing and real-time processing? Batch processing-data is collected over a period of time and the processing happens later all at one time. Real-time processing-happens immediately when the transaction occurs. Identify and define the five part of DBMS programs. DBMS engine-a bridge between the logical view of the data and the physical view of the data. When users request data(logical perspective), DBMS engine handles the details of actually locating data(physical perspective). Data definition subsystem-the logical structure of data-base by using a data dictionary or schema. This dictionary contains a description of the structure of data in database. Data manipulation subsystem-provides tools for maintaining and analyzing data. Maintaining data known as data maintenance involves adding new data, deleting data and editing existing data. Analysis tools support viewing all or selected parts of data, querying database and generating reports. Application generation subsystem-provides tool to create data entry forms and specialized programming languages that interface or work with common and widely used programming languages such as C or Visual Basic. Data administration subsystem manages the database; database administrators (DBAs) are computer professionals who help define processing rights. What are the five types of databases? Why does more than one kind of database exist? -Individual -Company -Distributed -Commercial Databases available for general and specific business purposes include business directories, demographic data, business statistical information, text databases, and Web databases. What are some of the benefits and limitations of databases? Why is security a concern? Two important security concers are illegal use of data and unauthorized access. Most organizations use firewalls to protect their internal networks. Some benefits are in business such as financial and marketing. Limitation is for security of the organizations.

Filipino Traditional Games for Kids Essay

While I was walking yesterday, I saw a group of children playing ‘luksong baka’. They were having fun while enjoying the game. Then I remember my childhood days twenty five years ago. I also use to play that kind of game with my neighboring kids especially on weekends. As years went by, these Filipino traditional games for kids are slowly disappearing. You can rarely see Filipino kids playing patintero, tumbang preso, luksong tinik, luksong baka, taguan, syato, habulan, etc. These games were replaced by gadgets like xbox, playstation, nintendo, and kids are more exposed to Western Sports activities. Amidst the popularity of these latest game gadgets and non-Filipino sports, we must not lay aside and forget our traditional games. We must always remember that this is our cultural heritage and treasure. There are many known traditional Filipino games for kids, but I will only name the Filipino traditional games that I still remember when I was a kid. PATINTERO 1. Patintero – this is a popular game not only for kids, but including adults. I remember that we played this game not only in the morning, but sometimes in the evening when it is full moon. We used chalk or water to make lines. The rule of the game is very simple: make it sure that you can cross the line without being catch or touch by the other group. PIKO 2. Piko – this is the Filipino version of hopscotch. I always see my two sisters playing this game when they were still kids, because it is a popular game among the girls. LUKSONG TINIK 3. Luksong Tinik – Two players will be the base by putting their right feet or left feet together. While the other players will jump without touching the two players feet. LUKSONG BAKA 4. Luksong Baka – It is a popular variation of luksong tinik. The ‘it’ will bend while the other players will jump over him/her. The bending player will gradually stands up as the game continues. A jumper who will not be able to jump over, or touch the ‘it’ while jumping will become the next ‘it’. TUMBANG PRESO 5. Tumbang Preso – This is a Filipino street game among kids. I really enjoyed this game a lot. The ‘it’ will be in charged of the tin can, while the other players will strike it using their slippers (pamato). The rules of the game varies in different places. TAGUAN 6. Taguan – This is the American version of hide-and-seek. The ‘it’ will say these phrase while the players are looking for their place to hide. â€Å"Tagu-taguan maliwanag ang buwan. Pagbilang ko nang sampu nakatago na kayo. Isa,dalawa,tatlo,apat,lima,anim,pito,walo,siyam,sampu.† After the counting is done, he/she will locate those who are hiding. This game is more challenging when it is done in the evening. My father told me that he and his siblings always play this game when it is full moon in the evening. SAWSAW SUKA 7. Sawsaw-suka – The ‘it’ has/her palm open. The other players will touch his palm using their index finger while singing this song –â€Å"sawsaw suka mahuli taya’†. The ‘it’ will catch any players finger after the songs. BAHAY-BAHAYAN 8. Bahay-bahayan – This is a very good game for kids. They will act as a family member. Each of them will be given a responsibility like cooking,taking care of an imaginary baby,etc. I remember that my playmates always bring small cooking objects made of clay, while I am in charge of building our small imaginary house made from banana leaves or blankets. TEKS GAME 9. Teks – These are game cards which contain comic strips and texts within speech balloons. We played these cards by tossing it to the air until it hit the ground. We used our thumbs and forefingers to toss the cards. The winner will collect cards on how the cards are laid upon hitting the ground. JAK N POY 10. Jack and Poy – This is the American version of rock-paper-scissors. Two players will do rock-paper-scissors while saying these words-â€Å"Jack and Poy, hale hale hoy, sinong matalo syang unggoy. HOLEN 11. Holen – We used marbles to play this game. You must be a sharpshooter to win this game. It is played by aiming at the marbles inside the circle. You must hit the marbles inside by flicking your fingers while holding your own marbles. Whoever gets the most marbles win the game. SIPA 12. Sipa – The object that is being used in this game is called ‘sipa’. It is toss upward for the player to kick it using the foot. The player will kick it as long as he wants. However, the ‘sipa’ must not touch the ground. The player with most number of kicks wins the game. LANGIT LUPA 13. Langit Lupa – You need to say these lyrics in choosing the ‘it’ while pointing to the player one by one-â€Å"langit lupa impyerno. im im impyerno. Saksak puso tulo anf dugo, patay buhay alis diyan.† The player will be the ‘it;, if he/she is pointed after the song. Then the ‘it’ will chase and tag the players who remain on the ground. A player cannot be tag if he/she will stay above the ground.

My Dream Job Essay

Art is for anybody. I want to be an art teacher because I believe that I can influence children to create their own piece of amazing art work. When I was in pre-school, I had this amazing teacher who inspired me to do anything I wanted to. Her name is Ms. Linda and she inspired me to become an art teacher when I am older. Now don’t get me wrong, I have had plenty other amazing teachers, but I think she was the one who told me to fly. In conjunction with this, being a very creative person I can create beautiful art and as a teacher I would love to be involved in challenging and inspiring new ideas in children; making them aware of their own thoughts or feelings. I have finally decided that my dream job is to become a pre-k or kindergarten art teacher because I love to work with kids and creativity is my sixth sense. Being an art teacher does not only sound like fun, I can actually see myself doing a mural on a school wall somewhere in the future. As an art teacher, I would have to be filled with ideas on how to make everyday things seem awesome and inspirational. To start my dream job, I already know I have to get some kind of degree in childhood education. I am currently taking high school, so when I finish in four years I will be most likely going to college. Working as an art teacher, I would be understanding the social, economic, and cultural factors that influence any project I do in class. Students will have to understand the true meaning of one of the works of art that is presented in class, but given that fact that my pupils will be so young, I think the art will be taught more on symbolism. The average salary amount for an art teacher is $11 dollars an hour, more or less depending on how much education you have had. Communicating well is obviously a good characteristic in being a teacher, to students and to teachers as well. Becoming an art teacher will require a 4 year collage degree, or bachelor’s degree in public school teaching. She may work in a private school setting or for the local public school. Preschool teachers may work with children in a one-on-one basis or with an entire class. They may work full-time or part-time depending on the school’s schedule and her own desires. It is also very helpful to learn a foreign language. Children in many districts, especially in California, may know English as a second language. They may not have any fluency at all in English. Knowledge of another language will give you a step up in the hiring process, and may be proven useful for when parents are the ones who don’t understand English. This will also help enhance the ability to communicate with young students. The process on becoming a pre k or kindergartner art teacher is process not many steps long but requires lots of training and preparing. Working with kids is great, working with kids on a daily bases crating magnificent pieces of art is probably the best for me.

Police Technology - Forensic Science History

Police Technology - Forensic Science History Forensic science is a scientific method of gathering and examining the evidence. Crimes are solved with the use of pathological examinations that gather fingerprints, palm prints, footprints, tooth bite prints, blood, hair and fiber samples. Handwriting and typewriting samples are studied, including all ink, paper, and typography. Ballistics techniques are used to identify weapons, as well as voice identification techniques, are used to identify criminals. History of Forensic Science The first recorded application of medical knowledge to the solution of crime was in the 1248 Chinese book Hsi DuanYu or the Washing Away of Wrongs, and it described ways to distinguish between death by drowning or death by strangulation. Italian doctor, Fortunatus Fidelis is recognized as being the first person to practice modern forensic medicine, beginning in 1598. Forensic medicine is the application of medical knowledge to legal questions. It became a recognized branch of medicine in the early 19th century. The  Lie Detector An earlier and less successful lie detector or polygraph machine was invented by James Mackenzie in 1902. However, the modern polygraph machine was invented by John Larson in 1921. John Larson, a University of California medical student, invented the modern lie detector (polygraph) in 1921. Used in police interrogation and investigation since 1924, the lie detector is still controversial among psychologists and is not always judicially acceptable. The name polygraph comes from the fact that the machine records several different body responses simultaneously as the individual is questioned. The theory is that when a person lies, the lying causes a certain amount of stress that produces changes in several involuntary physiological reactions. A series of different sensors are attached to the body, and as the polygraph measures changes in breathing, blood pressure, pulse and perspiration, pens record the data on graph paper. During a lie detector test, the operator asks a series of control questions that set the pattern of how an individual responds when giving true and false answers. Then the actual questions are asked, mixed in with filler questions. The examination lasts about 2 hours, after which the expert interprets the data. Fingerprinting In the 19th century, it was observed that contact between someones hands and a surface left barely visible and marks called fingerprints. Fine powder (dusting) was used to make the marks more visible. Modern fingerprint identification dates from 1880 when the British scientific journal Nature published letters by the Englishmen Henry Faulds and William James Herschel describing the uniqueness and permanence of fingerprints. Their observations were verified by the English scientist Sir Francis Galton, who designed the first elementary system for classifying fingerprints based on grouping the patterns into arches, loops, and whorls. Galtons system was improved upon by London police commissioner, Sir Edward R. Henry. The Galton-Henry system of fingerprint classification was published in June 1900, and officially introduced at Scotland Yard in 1901. It is the most widely used method of fingerprinting to date. Police Cars In 1899, the first police car was used in Akron, Ohio. Police cars became the basis of police transportation in the 20th century. Timeline 1850s The first multi-shot pistol, introduced by Samuel Colt, goes into mass production. The weapon is adopted by the Texas Rangers and, thereafter, by police departments nationwide. 1854 to 59 San Francisco is the site of one of the earliest uses of systematic photography for criminal identification. 1862 On June 17, 1862, inventor W. V. Adams patented handcuffs that used adjustable ratchets - the first modern handcuffs. 1877 The use of the telegraph by fire and police departments begins in Albany, New York in 1877. 1878 The telephone comes into use in police precinct houses in Washington, D.C. 1888 Chicago is the first U.S. city to adopt the Bertillon system of identification. Alphonse Bertillon, a French criminologist, applies techniques of human body measurement used in anthropological classification to the identification of criminals. His system remains in vogue in North America and Europe until it is replaced at the turn of the century by the fingerprint method of identification. 1901 Scotland Yard adopts a fingerprint classification system devised by Sir Edward Richard Henry. Subsequent fingerprint classification systems are generally extensions of Henrys system. 1910 Edmund Locard establishes the first police department crime laboratory in Lyon, France. 1923 The Los Angeles Police Department establishes the first police department crime laboratory in the United States. 1923 The use of the teletype is inaugurated by the Pennsylvania State Police. 1928 Detroit police begin using the one-way radio. 1934 Boston Police begin using the two-way radio. 1930s American police begin the widespread use of the automobile. 1930 The prototype of the present-day polygraph is developed for use in police stations. 1932 The FBI inaugurates its crime laboratory which, over the years, comes to be world-renowned. 1948 Radar is introduced to traffic law enforcement. 1948 The American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) meets for the first time. 1955 The New Orleans Police Department installs an electronic data processing machine, possibly the first department in the country to do so. The machine is not a computer, but a vacuum-tube operated calculator with a punch-card sorter and collator. It summarizes arrests and warrants. 1958 A former marine invents the side-handle baton, a baton with a handle attached at a 90-degree angle near the gripping end. Its versatility and effectiveness eventually make the side-handle baton standard issue in many U.S. police agencies. Introduction: What is Forensic Science History?Polygraph MachinesOther Equipment: Fingerprinting, Police CarsTimeline of Police Technology 1850 - 1960, 1960 - 1996

Free Essays on The Life And Times Of Gianni Versace

Years of designing for the theater earned him a respectable reputation in the fashion industry, but his collaborations with American photographer Richard Avedon helped Versace become one of the world's elite designers. His 1982 collection introduced metallic garments that would become his trademark and his elaborate stage costumes for Hollywood’s finest. Versace had an extensive empire that included boutiques, fragrances and household products. Versace became one of the world’s most prestigious fashion designers of all times. His impeccable taste and attention to detail made him superior to all other designers. Gianni Versace was born on December 2, 1946 in Reggio Calabria, Italy. In the earlier days, his mother supported the family with her small tailor-shop. There, an eighteen-year-old Gianni learned everything about making clothes and soon he designed apparel himself, which he sold at his mother’s shop. In 1972, at the age of twenty-five, Versace decided to move to Milan and where he worked as a fashion designer. There he acquired additional skills working in fabric procurement positions. He got his first chance to show his skills when designing a collection for Fiori Fiorentini, a Lucca, Italy-based company. In the following years, Versace kept designing for labels such as De Parsi, Genny, Callaghan, Alma, and presented hi first leather collection for Complice. On March 28th, 1978 marked the first collection for women signed with his own name in a fashion show at the Palazzo dellaPermente, in Milan. In the same year, he opened his initial boutique in Milan’s Via della Spiga. Versace, who always paid great attention to his image, started collaboration with an American photographer named Richard Avedon. Soon, with the growing popularity of the style, boutiques started to spread across the country. Versace wins the first of a series of awards that would crown his career: â€Å"LÃÅ'Occhio dÃÅ'Oro† for the best fashion des... Free Essays on The Life And Times Of Gianni Versace Free Essays on The Life And Times Of Gianni Versace Years of designing for the theater earned him a respectable reputation in the fashion industry, but his collaborations with American photographer Richard Avedon helped Versace become one of the world's elite designers. His 1982 collection introduced metallic garments that would become his trademark and his elaborate stage costumes for Hollywood’s finest. Versace had an extensive empire that included boutiques, fragrances and household products. Versace became one of the world’s most prestigious fashion designers of all times. His impeccable taste and attention to detail made him superior to all other designers. Gianni Versace was born on December 2, 1946 in Reggio Calabria, Italy. In the earlier days, his mother supported the family with her small tailor-shop. There, an eighteen-year-old Gianni learned everything about making clothes and soon he designed apparel himself, which he sold at his mother’s shop. In 1972, at the age of twenty-five, Versace decided to move to Milan and where he worked as a fashion designer. There he acquired additional skills working in fabric procurement positions. He got his first chance to show his skills when designing a collection for Fiori Fiorentini, a Lucca, Italy-based company. In the following years, Versace kept designing for labels such as De Parsi, Genny, Callaghan, Alma, and presented hi first leather collection for Complice. On March 28th, 1978 marked the first collection for women signed with his own name in a fashion show at the Palazzo dellaPermente, in Milan. In the same year, he opened his initial boutique in Milan’s Via della Spiga. Versace, who always paid great attention to his image, started collaboration with an American photographer named Richard Avedon. Soon, with the growing popularity of the style, boutiques started to spread across the country. Versace wins the first of a series of awards that would crown his career: â€Å"LÃÅ'Occhio dÃÅ'Oro† for the best fashion des...

Winston's advertising Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Winston's advertising - Term Paper Example Advertisements involve a number of techniques to attract consumers. Some advertisers focus on a particular age group and design the advertisement on their perception about what the people of that age group would like to see (Haase, 1931 pp 67-80). On the other hand, other advertisers use a different approach to target their customers. They make up a plan to target their customers by dividing them in the gender groups. Some also target the customers using a cultural diversification approach and target people belonging to a particular culture. There is a wide range of techniques which are used to target audience for different products. The common theme of those advertisements is the use of texts and visuals to attract the customers. Designing an advertisement campaign for children would require the marketers to use cartoon characters, colourful pictures and creative art work to attract them, whereas, such an advertisement would fail to grab the attention of professional people to sale machinery or equipments. Hence, the use of symbols, language and illustrations is of immense importance in targeting audience and increasing sales. This paper aims to analyze the advertisement of Winston Cigarette. The advertisement under consideration is published in various magazines like Popular Mechanics, Times Magazines and so on. The advertisement targets the teenagers and males aged between 20 and 30. The symbols, metaphors and textual details are all attractive to the male counterparts of these age ranges. The Role of the Media Used: The advertisement is published in Popular Mechanics magazine November 2004 (p. 41). Magazines are a great source of profit for the companies as they help in gaining and retaining customers. People like reading magazines in their spare time and go through the creative advertisements and try to avail the best product in the available resources. Moreover the promotional campaigns make the most of magazine advertisements which allow the consumers to avail their desired product with favourable packages or discounts. Magazine advertisements further help in directly targeting the target groups. For instance, if a business requires a marketing plan which is mostly encountered by children, children magazines and books may be successful in achieving this goal. Hence we can say that magazine advertisements are highly targeted to the desired population and may reduce the likelihood of being unsuccessful. If the advertisement is not creative enough to capture a large population it is still safe as it will reach to the targets view. The next advertisement may help reducing the losses of the existing marketing campaign. The advertisements by media are very important to get the message of the manufacturer to the consumers. Semiotic Analysis The semiotic analysis is helpful in evaluating the success of advertisements in capturing the attention of consumers by the use of symbolic and textual information. The symbolic features of an advertis ement also give some information about the product. The advertisement under consideration carry many features that worth an in depth semiotic analysis. Firstly the advertisements contain eye-catching pictures and excellent colour contacts to grab the attention of the consumers. The advertisement has made use of different font styles and sizes to make it look more unique. The use of font sizes and styles greatly depend on what the advertiser really wants to tell the customer and what is necessary or obligatory to include but not desired by the advertiser. The advertisement is designed for the marketing of Winston, a cigarette brand. This advertisement involves more textual features than the visual ones. It contains a number of creative and clever sentences that provide a sense of winning and uniqueness. Underneath the product image in this advertisement are the words â€Å"Additive free – Naturally smooth†. These tricky words do not mean that it is safe to smoke these c igarettes or they are not

Wannsee conference, was it the place where the final solution was Research Paper

Wannsee conference, was it the place where the final solution was decided - Research Paper Example Essentially, Hitler’s regime had decided to exterminate the entire global population of the Jews. This would be the second time the Jews were facing persecution in Europe. The first significant period of persecution has to be the period of the Black Deaths. This is the time when they were perceived to be the ones accountable for the extensive spread of the plague. Apparently, they achieved this by poisoning the water. During this period, the Jews were suffering the persecutions as the only victims of continental rage. However, during the Holocaust, aside from the Jews, the disabled, the homosexuals, gypsies and at times twins were the recipients of these persecutions. These cleansing expeditions by the Nazis resulted in approximately six million deaths. This is aside from the emotional torture that it subjected to those who were lucky enough not to die. The extensive damage to the human race attributed to the Holocaust is as a result of proper planning by a team of German inte llectuals. The meeting in which they designed and formulated the strategy of this genocide is referred to as the Wannsee Conference. It is the ambition of this paper to give an extensive view of this Conference. This will be realized through the study of seven texts that focus on this Conference. Analysis Gerlach, Christina. "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews." The Journal Of Modern History, 1998: 759-812. The Wannsee Conference has been highlighted as the place where the decision of cleansing Europe of Jews took place. However, what has not been highlighted upon is the political pressure that had characterized Germany prior to the Holocaust. Gerlach illustrates this by stating the political pressure Hitler faced: â€Å" Hitler was reacting to political impulses and initiatives that originated from within the administration and within the party apparatus.†1 According to the author, the Conferen ce had not been mandated with the extermination of the entire Jewish population rather, the Conference had been purposed to decide on who to classify as a Jew. This is crucial given the fact that the Holocaust persecuted not only the Jews, but the homosexuals, the gypsies, the disabled and t extreme levels also twins. This is a rather astounding given the fact that the initial decision was only to cleanse Europe of Jews. The world has over time insinuated that Hitler acted alone in his narcissistic acts of dehumanization. However, Gerlach gives evidence that the political structure of Germany was all a long instrumental in the actions. She writes of the actions of Hitler in deporting the eastern Jews as being as direct urging by the political structure. Author cites documents that are believed to have originated from the Hitler administration showing aliasing of ideas on how to deal, best, with the Jewish community. In light of this, the fact that the idea of exterminating the was d irectly and only from the Hitler becomes suspect. The Conference proceedings were established with the primary motive of deliberating on vital political and economic issues that were pertinent to Germany at the time. To give additional evidence of the vital nature of the Conference, the author illustrates that Hitler approved the deportation of the Jews2. If he was the one who orchestrated all the terrors that were realized due to this continental discrimination, then he would have simply carried