Saturday, August 31, 2019

Advertising Alcohol Essay

Alcohol has appeared in UK as well as around the world for many years. It plays a significant rule in the life of human. As British Medical Association in 2009, people in UK is the most of alcohol users in Europe. However, like other addictive substances, abuse of alcohol will bring a lot of bad consequences for people. Timms (2013) claimed that alcohol is the cause of psychosis, dementia, and physical problem. There are some people who claimed that government is not authorized to control the advertising of alcohol stricter than other products, but some were in the other idea that government should do it because of the bad impact from alcohol advertising to those who watch it, especially young people. This essay is aim to clarify the opinion that alcohol will result negative effect for human heath as well as social life and its advertising need to be restricted by government. Firstly, except useful of alcohol to people life, alcohol is cause of many negative problems. It is a fact that alcohol was used in to many industries such as food, heath service, and research also. Alcohol may good for heath with a limit amount. With reference from NIH (2003), in a great number of male surveyed, those who drank more than three times a week will have fewer heath risk than others who just drank less than once a week. However, according to Kenny (2012), people should not drink alcohol too much everyday. For instance, the limit of alcohol, which accepted by government, is 150–200ml for men and 100-150ml for women. Base on each habitus, drinking more than that unit may lead to sign of headache, dizzy, sickness, loss of control, etc. To reference from Hall’s research last year, 25% of deaths increase in the last ten years was caused by alcohol. It showed that most of people cannot control their drinking, and this number is increasing day by day. Thus, it is important to limit alcohol use. Secondly, alcoholics are threatening to the social life. It may be noted that drinking alcohol is dangerous not only for people but also their family. A lot of social evil and family violence are come from drunken people. When drinking too much wine or beer, the phenomenon of losing control will appear. Then, the drinker may have negative activities to people around. For example, according to Aquarius, 30% of sexual harassments were affected by alcohol. Furthermore, unfortunately, almost alcoholic was the cause of increasing unemployment (Macpherson, 1988). Then it tends to the thievery when alcoholics do not have money to buy alcohol. From those reasons, it is clear to see that alcohol is truly a hazard to people. Turning to the other side, advertising of alcohol will also bring the bad effect to people. Alcohol advertisement, like other product’s advertisement, is aim to approach people and persuade them to buy as much as possible. Actually, most of alcohol advertising content was received great evaluation from people under 23 years old (Jernigan, 2010). On the other hand, although people know the negative of using alcohol, promotion by any way will make them tend to use it naturally. Wilby (2008) claimed that people are strong affected by advertising of alcohol because they are easily to receive information provided by this advertisement. Advertising of alcohol makes people, especially the youth, image that it is the daily product. Moreover, Jernigan (2010) believed that almost alcohol companies tried to insert the combination of unmeasured features relative to cultural, religious and regulatory context on their advertising. Thus, they try using it everyday like the case that they saw on advertising. In British Medical Association (2009), researchers said â€Å"alcohol advertising and promotion increases the likelihood that adolescents will start to use alcohol and to drink more if they are already using alcohol†. Therefore, if alcohol companies are all free to do advertising by their own way, it will be dangerous for customer insight. Finally, alcohol advertising needs to be limited to protect customer from the wrong perception about wine or beer. In fact, alcohol companies have right to do advertise like other product in market. The more alcohol that they sold, the more money of tax government can earn. Follow HMRC (2013), alcohol products brought a huge number of revenue to UK, which is ? 3,323m from April to July 2013. This number illustrated for the great tax revenue that government earned from alcohol companies. However, the damage to people heath and life are bigger than that. Government had to pay more for the accident and medical insurance that come from effect of drinking too much alcohol. Therefore, limitation to the advertising content of alcohol is really necessary. In practice, government represents for the right of people, so they need to intervene to alcohol advertising for protecting customer. Although government cannot absolutely ban all the advertising of alcohol, they need to control it. For example, Hall (2012) believed that alcohol marketing â€Å"require that ads not link alcohol with sex, social success, youth culture or juvenile behavior†. In conclusion, the essay focused on difference points of whether alcohol advertising should be restricted or not, and the role of government in this situation. Obviously, whether drinking alcohol is good or not depends largely on the awareness of people who use it. Nevertheless, advertising this product widely on media will cause many bad impacts. For that reason, the strict guidelines and regulation for alcohol advertising is really needed. The government should strictly control this kind of product as well as develop propagandize for people about using alcohol in the right way. Apart from that, government also can impose more heavy taxes upon alcohol goods. This can force customer to use less alcohol and increase national income at the same time. References AQUARIUS (n. d. ) Alcohol and Violence [WWW] Aquarius. Available from: http://www. aquarius. org. uk/alcoholandviolence [Accessed 02/09/2013]. BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2009) Under the influence: the damaging effect of alcohol marketing on young people [WWW] Available from: http://www.alcohollearningcentre. org. uk/_library/undertheinfluence_tcm41-1900621. pdf [Accessed 24/08/13]. HALL, E. (2012) Sobering up the U. K. proves difficult. Advertising Age, 83 (17), pp. 9. HMRC (2013) Tax and Duty Bulletins [WWW] HM Revenue & Customs. Available from: https://www. uktradeinfo. com/Statistics/Pages/TaxAndDutybulletins. aspx [Accessed 01/09/2013]. JERNIGAN, D. (2010) The extent of global alcohol marketing and its impact on youth. Contemporary Drug Problems, 37 (1), pp. 57-89. MACPHERSON, N (1988) The Effect of Alcoholism on Earning Capacity [WWW] Economica. Available from: http://www. economica. ca/ew03_2p1. htm [Accessed 02/09/2013]. NIH (2003) Frequency of Light-to-Moderate Drinking Reduces Heart Disease Risk in Men [WWW] NIH. Available from: http://www. nih. gov/news/pr/jan2003/niaaa-08. htm [Accessed 31/08/2013]. Timms, P. (2013) Alcohol and depression [WWW] Royal College of Psychiatrists’ Public Education Editorial Board. Available from: http://www. rcpsych. ac. uk/mentalhealthinfoforall/problems/alcoholanddrugs/alcoholdepression. aspx [Accessed 31/08/2013]. WILBY, P. (2008) Under the influence. New Statesman, 137 (4887), pp. 17.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Regulation and Pizza Hut Essay

School cafeterias served nearly $500 million of pizza a year. Only frozen pizza was used, however, because freshly prepared pizza was effectively excluded by a U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulation that required inspection of any pizza with meat toppings that was sold at wholesale for resale. The same was true for other institutions such as hospitals and prisons. The 39 broader issue was the closure of the institutional market to freshly-prepared foods such as pizza and other fast foods. Pizza Hut’s overall business strategy was to become a â€Å"pizza distribution† company, and the institutional market was crucial to that strategy. According to Roger Rydell of Pizza Hut, schools were â€Å"‘a potentially enormous business for us. †¦ We’d like to have every one of our [4,000] delivery-capable units nationwide serving at least one school. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 Since Pizza Hut was excluded from the institutional market by the USDA regulation, the task before Pizza Hut was to develop a nonmarket strategy to modify this regulation to allow school cafeterias and ultimately other institutions to order fresh pizza. There were two basic institutional arenas in which Pizza Hut could address this nonmarket foreclosure of a market. One was the regulatory apparatus of the USDA. From the perspective of a bureaucracy such as the USDA, an exemption from its meat inspection responsibilities would be required. It seems unlikely that the USDA would want to weaken its own inspection program. Indeed, the opponents of an exemption for fresh pizza, as led by the National Frozen Pizza Institute, sought to have the contentious issue resolved by the USDA. A resolution in that institutional arena would necessitate an extensive administrative process requiring public hearings, publication of proposed regulations in the Federal Register, a comment period, possible adoption of an exemption, and possible legal challenge in the federal courts by the losing side. This process would likely be quite lengthy. (See Chapter 10 for a discussion of this process. ) Pizza Hut first attempted to obtain a USDA exemption without an administrative process but failed in its attempt. The second institutional arena was Congress, which could enact legislation to overturn regulations. Pizza Hut worked through Congress to include a provision in a 1991 agriculture bill that would allow fresh pizza to be purchased by school cafeterias without USDA inspection. The amendment directed the USDA to issue regulations by August 1992 allowing fresh pizza with meat toppings to be sold to private and public institutions. 2 Pizza Hut had headquarters in Wichita, Kansas, and Representative Dan Glickman, whose district includes Wichita, commented that the USDA regulation was â€Å"a Byzantine, outdated and, quite honestly, an anti-competitive regulatory structure. †3. One question was whether this issue was resolved by interest group politics or by some public policy process based on a careful study of the costs and benefits. The opposition, for example, argued that an exemption posed a health hazard, whereas Pizza Hut argued that precooked toppings such as pepperoni had already undergone two inspections—one at the processing plant and one earlier at the slaughterhouse. These arguments likely had little effect on the decision other than to convince members of Congress that there was no health hazard in fresh pizza sold to institutions. This issue was ultimately resolved through interest group politics, with Pizza Hut and other fast-food chains backing the exemption and frozen pizza interests opposing it. 1 Wall Street Journal, November 29, 1991. 2 Wall Street Journal, November 29, 1991. 3 San Francisco Chronicle, November 28, 1991. Assignment Questions (30%): 1. What is/are the real issue based on the case study? (2 marks) 2. Describe the 4I’s based on the Pizza Hut Case Study. (8 marks) 3. Describe the roles of news media in this case study. (10 marks) 4. From the case study, where those issues are in their life cycles? Discuss. (10 marks).

Paleolithic to Neolithic change over time Essay

During the sixth century in India, an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama renounced his status and wealth in order to become enlightened. After becoming enlightened he announced the principals of what he believed was going to be the new way of life, Buddhism. Some many years later, Buddhism found its way into China. And while many peasants saw a positive impact in the incoming way of life, many people with higher statuses did not. Many peasants and people of lower class supported this new teaching because it gave them something more to believe in, like an afterlife, rather than Confucianism which was stricter and did not have an afterlife. According to tradition, the Four Noble Truths explain how in ones life you can take the suffering you are born with and make something out of it. This is a positive outlook because it teaches people that there is a way to end the sorrow in ones life. (doc. 1) Along with peasants, many Chinese scholars believed in Buddhism. When asked their opinion on Buddhism, some of them replied with the opinion that Buddhism exceeded any other teachings like Confucianism. In document 3 a scholar says â€Å"To compare the sages to Buddha is like comparing a white deer to a unicorn.† This comparison made is clearly a positive outlook in that compared to an ordinary deer, a unicorn, which is representing Buddhism, is so marvelous and exotic. This same scholar also shows in his response that Buddhism is a simple way of life, and to some (mostly monks) things like wives and property are the luxuries of the world not needed to complete ones life. This proves that Buddhism is an easy-going, simple way of living that could appeal to many. (doc. 3) In the early 9th century, a Buddhist scholar by the name of Zong Mi expressed his opinion that all of the sages (Confucius, Laozi, and Buddha) were all perfect teachings for the time being. In his opinion all3 teachings led to an orderly society. I agree with Zong Mi in saying that each time period has different needs and demands, so a new teaching for each time period is wise in that they each meet the specific demands of that time period. (doc. 5) Although many lower class people supported Buddhism, many of the higher people did not because the fear that people would break away from Confucianism was present. Rulers want to be in complete power, and a new teaching that is severing that order could cause chaos in the rulers mind.  Also, Buddhism compared to Confucianism is very laid back and easy-going. Confucianism’s a lot stricter and if people do not live in fear of this strict code what is going to prevent them from revolting? An official in the Tang imperial court by the name of Han Yu expressed his opinion on Buddhism to be very negative. He demands that Buddhism is to be â€Å"rooted out, and late generations spared this delusion.† He also views Buddhism as being no more than a cult of barbarians, because it was not here in ancient times. I do not agree with his statement in that many things were not here in the past but are here today. For example, the cell phone. The cell phone was not here 50 years ago, but is here today and can be used for emergencies and better our safety in this world. Just because something is new does not mean it is evil or barbaric. However I do agree with the statement made that says â€Å"The Buddha†¦who did not speak Chinese and who wore clothes of a different fashion†¦and the Buddhas manner of dress did not conform to our laws.† I agree with this because Buddhism is a way of life, these new teachings would impact peoples lives daily. So if this Buddha is an alien, a person who is not from here how could he possibly understand our laws and fit our needs? Although its not bad to try new things, I understand the hesitance of people to believe in something so foreign. (doc. 4) Supporting an earlier statement that rulers did not want a change, Emperor Wu, in the edict of Buddhism explains how Buddhism has â€Å"Injured mankind†. He states that â€Å"Buddhism wears out the peoples strengths, pilfers their wealth, causes people to abandon their lords and parents for the company of teachers, and severs man and wife with its monastic decrees. In destroying law and injuring humankind indeed nothing surpasses this doctrine!† This shows that he thinks Buddhism has many negative impacts on everyone’s lives and this evil should be eradicated. (doc. 6) An additional document that would help me prove positive and negative points in this essay would most likely be something in the point of view of a peasant. Seeing a view of a peasant in this time period would help support my theory that peasants liked Buddhism, or help prove me wrong in that they did not. Seeing a document like this would also help me understand why people would choose a rough and strict teaching like Confucianism over an easy way of life like Buddhism. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion, neither is wrong nor right. However in the sixth century China when Buddhism was first introduced there was a split mindset of how things should be run. Most people of lower class appealed to this new teaching of Buddhism while many people of higher classes believed that Buddhism should be eradicated because of its true barbaric and evilness. Neither opinion is right, yet neither opinion is wrong. Change Over Time Courtney Morelli Mrs. McCaffrey period 3 Between the years 10,000 and 3,000 BCE many changes occurred. The way of life was altered for many people with new ideas, technologies and ways of life. But along with these changes some things remained the same through this time period. Just like todays society, it is changing in many ways but still keeping in touch with old ways or traditions. Before the Neolithic Age occurred, there was a time period called the Paleolithic Age. During the Paleolithic Age (2500000 BCE – 8,000 BCE) the way of life was hunting and gathering. People relied on hunting and gathering as their food source, therefore they moved from place to place never really settling in one spot. The men usually had the job of hunting for food, and the women had the role of gathering plants and berries and taking care of the children. Therefore, the women had an equal role to the men and were treated just the same. The people of the Paleolithic age expressed their life in not words, but art. They painted along the walls of caves showing things like hunting, or different animals that were around. After a long period of time the climate of places all over the world changed drastically, allowing the change from Paleolithic to Neolithic happen. The Neolithic age lasted from 10,000 BCE to 3,000 BCE, and many changes occurred. The Neolithic man started to plant crops now that the climate was  warmer and therefore they settled instead of moving from place to place. Now that the people were planting crops they were able to have a good amount of food, and never go hungry through the winter thanks to wheat. Since the people of the Neolithic era no longer needed women to gather foods, they lost their role in society. They were no longer considered equal to men and usually stayed home caring for the children. One of the biggest changes between these time periods is the change from hunting to domesticating animals. Instead of hunting down your next meal people domesticated and raised their own animals like goats and pigs. Keeping these animals close by made it easier for people to eat. Although, the agricultural way of life was much more complicated than hunting and gathering. Farmers had a much harder lifestyle because they had to work all day as to a hunter would only work until he got what he needed. Along with the many changes over this time period there were also many things that remained the same. One thing that remained the same was in both time periods people relied on animals as their main food source. Hunting was a very important part of the peoples meal, and is still a big part in our diet today. Also, although people in the Neolithic age had more food, the nutritional value was still as low as it was during the Paleolithic age. The men in the Paleolithic age had the job of hunting the animals and providing food for their families which was a big responsibility. Even during the Neolithic age this responsibility for men never changed because they still worked in the fields or domesticated and slaughtered animals for their food. Eventually, over many years every society and culture evolves. Some things change for the better of the people, and come along with new technologies and ways of life just like today’s culture and people. But along with these new things are also the same values or ways that have been going on for years and years. The Neolithic revolution was one of the biggest turning points in history, because of the many things that changed a way of life for many people. But even though so many things changed, some of the values and traditions always remained the same.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Functions of the Human Body in Relation to Occupational Health and Research Paper

Functions of the Human Body in Relation to Occupational Health and Safety in the Working Environment - Research Paper Example   Similar to any mechanical system, the body might be stable or unstable and is able to bear a restricted gamut of physical pressures. Pressures might be forced internally or externally and might be severe or chronic. A helpful beginning in the deliberation of mechanical loading of the body is to differentiate between postural stress and task-induced stress. In the opinion of Grieve and Pheasant, postural stress is the expression used to signify the mechanical load on the body due to its posture. Posture can be defined as the average directions of the parts of the body in the course of time. (iii) Task-stress is dependent on the mechanical endeavor required to carry out daily tasks. It is a fact that majority of the repetitive tasks need a combination of static and rhythmic muscle activity. In the case of manual work, postural stabilization of the hands and arms is important for performing all but the complete movements in a purposeful manner. (iv) This stabilization is given by th e muscles more up the kinetic chain, muscles which cross the elbow and shoulder joints and have their origins in the cervical spine and thoracic areas. (v) When the task demands are quite above normal, the muscles might experience pain providing stabilization or in the muscles and joints of the effectors, or in both. In a period of time, a medical condition might develop. (Bridger 4-5) Explain why the role of individual susceptibility should b... identifying adverse effects on health and how you would use this information when considering potential scope and impact of situations with adverse effects on health. It is important to consider individual susceptibility when identifying adverse effects on health for which a separate branch has emerged known as ergonomics. Physiological problems happen when too much work is demanded from the body, to work awkwardly or to work under adverse environmental conditions. Fatigue happens mostly from work. To remain stable, the worker must not be more than tired at the end of his working day. Therefore the rest given into the task must be sufficient without becoming too heavy and unfeasible. In case of ergonomics, they access physical work through measurement of oxygen that is inhaled, change of heart rate, but are generally tied down by just being capable to calibrate people under semi-natural conditions. Nevertheless, in an identical fashion, they are able to calculate recovery from exhaustion. This bears a direct association with rest allowances, for example, it has been verified that even though learners require more rest compared to qualified workers , they are prone to make themselves tired by not resting sufficiently during the initial portion of their work. A natural balance exists between work and rest periods every day in which the quality and quantity of work are at the highest.  Ã‚     

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Policy of Hong Kong in Healthcare System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Policy of Hong Kong in Healthcare System - Essay Example The paper presents that in the era of globalization and advanced technical knowhow countries are making significant reforms in their various sectors. In such a respect Hong Kong is also not left behind. The country has made a number of alterations within the healthcare sector. The reforms have been directed towards providing better health care services to the country’s citizens. The Department of Health is entrusted with framing policies for country’s healthcare care services and also to facilitate efficient allocation of resources. It has implemented new policies and modified existing policies. Several modifications have been made in healthcare practices and management. New pricing policy has been introduced in Hong Kong healthcare sector. The country in 2002 has introduced charges for patients who are admitted in hospitals under emergency situation or after meeting with an accident. The reforms have lead to noticeable reduction in death rates and increased life expect ancies. Better treatment is available from efficient health care professionals at a considerably low cost. Keeping this at the backdrop the current paper tends to present a critical review of the pricing policy that has been implemented for the health care system of Hong Kong. The public hospitals and clinics in Hong Kong receive a good amount of subsidies from the government so as to provide medical treatment to the citizens at the lowest possible cost. The government despite such high quality medical care has imposed low rates of taxes. However government is expected to bear the burden of expensive medical facilities which is likely to increase in the upcoming years. The estimates have shown a continuous increase in governmental expenditure for health care (Development and Financing of Hong Kong’s Future Health Care, 2007). Pricing Policy of Hong Kong Healthcare System Health care services in Hong Kong are considered to be a mixed one. The public sector has taken up the res ponsibility to give 92 percent of the hospital services. About 85 percent of primary care is provided by the private sector. Most people approach public hospitals for complex diseases in Hong Kong mainly due to the low cost of treatment (Fitzner, Coughlin, Timori and Bennett, 2000). The fees charged by public health care institutions in Hong Kong are very much less compared to other countries. Government has imposed strict regulations on these public sector fees. However patients have a hard time trying to get to the physician. The healthcare system is very time consuming. Patients have to pay a high cost in terms of inconvenience and time consuming treatment. Physicians often send their patients to emergency department in order to get a simple diagnostic test done. The emergency department remains filled with such patients depriving the actual needy ones from proper treatment (Hay, 1992, pp.35-36). However medical treatment for diseases like tuberculosis is performed free of cost. However to make such a low cost medical system sustainable for the country is a major challenge before the government (Hong Kong (China), 2010). It is becoming increasingly difficult for the government to meet the expenses of such low cost medical treatment. Recent economic predictions have shown increase in tax rates to finance healthcare needs. Such a pricing policy under health care system have made even the richer sections rush to public hospitals for treatment. The demand for such health care facilities has been continuously growing (Hay, 1992, p.51). Clearly Hong Kong has adopted a non- interventional for its public healthcare system. The pricing policy was aimed at providing medical facilities to those sections of population that cannot afford medical treatment elsewhere. Reforms have also been made in the structure of funds in Hong Kong to adopt such

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Econometric analysis project Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Econometric analysis - Statistics Project Example In this project we consider a time series data to analyze the whether the effect of capital punishment on homicide rate. Time series analysis is a form of statistical data analysis on a series of sequential data points that are usually measured at uniform time intervals over a period of time. A time series can be said to collection of data with the interval between and being fixed and constant. Time series analysis is the estimation of difference equations containing stochastic (error) terms (Enders 2010). Time series forecasting takes the analysis from the time series data and tries to predict what the data may be in the near future, based on what it has been in the past. But because there are many factors influencing the fluctuation of the homicide, creating an accurate forecast based on the analysis alone is difficult. Therefore, many approaches and models have to be developed in order to utilize the time series analysis and provide an accurate prediction of what is to come in the future. The purpose of this report is to apply the statistical techniques to understand the relationship, if any exists, between capital punishment and homicide rate. There is a strong correlation between the homicide rate and death penalty number (number under capital punishment); from the table generated below on the correlations, the correlation coefficient = 0.9406* implying a strong positive correlation between the homicide rate and death penalty number. To explain the concept of the correlation further, a scatter plot representing the homicide rate and number of people under death penalty in a given year is plotted and from the pattern of the graph, it can easily be seen that there is a strong positive correlation/relationship between homicide rate and number of people under death penalty. For instance, for any unit increase in homicide rate there is a subsequent increase in the number of people under death penalty likewise for any unit

Monday, August 26, 2019

Independent Study Jordanian Television Research Paper

Independent Study Jordanian Television - Research Paper Example is prohibited, as well as anything deemed to harm â€Å"the state’s reputation and dignity† (Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, 2006, 20). Fines, prosecutions, and also prison terms are often awarded, to keep the mass media under control. Informants and spies keep the government abreast of the nature of publications (on articles that are yet to be published, and on those that are already in circulation) and often the government applies regulations even before the article can be made public. The government sponsored media (in case of print media) is highly promoted, and television and radio face even more stringent regulations than the newspaper media; though the Internet functions somewhat more independently than all the others. In my article I will give an overview of the media in regards to the entire Middle East region, especially in Jordan; while focusing primarily on the television media in Jordan. My article will explore in detail the nature o f the television media that is functional in Jordan, in today’s context. Overview of the media in the Middle East: the Middle East regions have recently witnessed the free to air satellite TV launch, which is the latest addition in the still evolving media that we see there. Prior to the satellite TV era, it was mostly state owned newspapers, and other broadcasting services like radio and TV (terrestrial) that was used to broadcast news and programs.â€Å"Thus, Arab governments exercised a media monopoly and controlled the political narrative in the MENA region until the end of the 80s by shaping and influencing the opinions of the local population. More recently, technological innovations and the politics of marketing and advertising have resulted in a long-awaited democratization of the Arab media, opening new venues in the international market to the Arab press† (Kalliny, Arab Media: A Survey of an Imperfect Medium, 2010). The democratization of the Arab media has been a long drawn process, and

Sunday, August 25, 2019

E-mail Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-mail Communication - Essay Example The e-mail content should be brief and concise and should address the subject content. The subject message should also be able to inform recipients of what the e-mail is about. It is recommended to indicate the response that receiver should take and senders should state their contact details to allow receivers to respond with ease. For formal e-mails, it is good to make a habit of using spell checkers before hitting the 'send' button and double-checking the e-mails are being sent to the correct recipient. When sending attachments, it is good to inform recipients when the file size is very large as this takes up a lot of space and may cause other e-mails to bounce back or result in errors in sending. Files should also be sent in a format that the recipient is able to open. Users must refrain from mass forwarding e-mails because chances are, these will be filtered and end up in the junk folder. Spam e-mails can also flood the recipient's inbox unnecessarily.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Case Study based on key reading.Strategic Management Essay

Case Study based on key reading.Strategic Management - Essay Example Application of the model in CRH Plc will enable the company identify the external forces that affects the external activities of the company. This enables the formulation of improvement strategies that enhances performance in the changing marketing environment. The model generalises the strategies required in gaining competitive advantage in the industry for easy application (Onsman, 2004). However, application of the model may be misleading because it assumes a classic perfect market although it is clear that the construction and building industry is faced with numerous challenges. The SWOT analysis is crucial because it summarises the both the internal and external environment of a company i.e. strengths and weaknesses coupled with the opportunities and threats. The knowledge of both the internal and external environment will enable the company adopt measures appropriate for addressing both the internal and external challenges. However, analysis of the strategic management status o f the company by use of the SWOT framework requires considerable time and energy when being applied in large corporations. The PESTEL framework assists in the identification of the macroeconomic factors that affects the whole industry, certain markets or the company. This is because many factors in the macroeconomic environment have significant impact on the overall managerial behaviour. According to the Global Industry Analysts (2011), the tool is crucial in understanding the factors that can influence the industry growth and decline. PESTEL analysis can also guide the company on the direction that they should take in avoiding failure or losses. However, undertaking the PESTEL is tedious and may be ineffective to large organisations. The framework is also limiting because it only focuses on the external environment of the company. Critical Analysis Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Rivalry among the Existing Firms The company has numerous competitors in the industry, especially the well established multinational companies such as Lafarge S.A. and Holcim Ltd. In 1990, the market was dominated by large companies that capitalised on the strength in their local markets to expand internationally. According to Davenport (2002), the competing companies increased their supply rate when the market for construction industry was booming locally; leading to increased competition for the local markets. This made CRH to venture into acquisition of smaller companies in both local and international hemispheres such as 26% shares of a North-eastern Chinese plant and a 50% stake of an Indian company in order to increase dominance both local and international markets (Batchelor, 2001). Bargaining Power of Customers The construction industry is extremely fragmented with the production rate varying depending on the location as well as other factors such as values and cultures. The application of the building regulations regarding the location of the

Friday, August 23, 2019

Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Creativity - Essay Example The high demand for organic foods can be attributed to the benefits obtained from the food substances. Organic foods are nutritious and healthy because they do not contain harmful chemicals in farming. The main benefits of organic foods can be derived from their healthy and nutritious nature. Organic foods are produced using the best agricultural practices, which do not rely on synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides. The foods are also appealing to environmentally conscious consumers. These consumers prefer food substances, which have positive environmental impacts (Williams 21). The production of organic food is based on precise standards and practices of production. The main premise of labeling food substances as organic is the requirement for non-pesticide application (Reed 21). Organic foods refrain from the use of chemicals such as fungicides, herbicides, veterinary drugs, additives, synthetic preservatives and pesticides. As a result, hazardous residues are restricted to the lowest possible levels in organic foods. Organic foods avoid the use of chemicals and synthetic compounds because studies have established a negative correlation between exposure to pesticides and the development of dangerous health conditions (Hasler 3774). The presence of pesticides in food substances has been associated with acute health conditions such as eye and skin problems, vomiting, abdominal pains, nausea and headaches (Ungoed-Thomas 1). Long-term exposure increases the risk of severe chronic conditions such as memory deficits, respiratory problems and miscarriages. Besides the fact that organic foods have low pesticide and chemical residues, they also have high nutritional values and good taste. According to a study conducted in the European region, organic foods such as vegetables, fruits and milk are more nutritious and healthy compared to their non-organic equivalent. These studies found that organic foods had high levels or

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Developing a question and identifying a problem Essay

Developing a question and identifying a problem - Essay Example Therefore, nurses would need some form of training. Critically thinking, they would need an advanced training aside from their formal training on basic nursing. In retrospect, does this form of advanced training in prevention of patient falls impact on patient outcomes compared to no training? Patient falls present a significant physical health risk to the patient. Additionally, the complications that arise from patient falls incur significant hospital costs to both the patient and the hospital. The patient would have to incur extra costs for the management of the complications of the falls, whereas the hospital would put forth extra resources necessary for the management of potential complications of the fall. Besides, health care institutions could face a lawsuit with concomitant legal implications. Patient falls within health care institution in an occurrence that needs to be considered with utmost concern. Therefore, this paper will explore falls among elderly patients, its impact on the work environment, and quality of care, patient outcomes, and its significance to nursing and proposed solution. Falls in long-term care institutions and health care facilities are common. Tack, Ulrich and Kehr (2010), observe that approximately 25.5% of patients who experienced a fall had a neurological condition. Additionally, they opine that neurological patients are considered as among the high risk population. Elderly patients present with a number of neurological conditions attributed to age and lifestyle. For instance, Snijders , Van de Warrenburg , Giladi and Bloem (2010), observe that gait disorders are prevalent among the elderly can present devastating health outcomes such as reduced quality of life, increased incidence of falls and increase in mortality. Neurological diseases diagnosed in elderly patients exist with other clinical conditions. Lauretani, et al. (2014) posits that Alzheimer’s disease in the elderly could present with extrapyramidal signs

Empowering Women - Culture vs Modern Life Essay Example for Free

Empowering Women Culture vs Modern Life Essay The world today has allowed women to hold other positions apart from their traditional roles which are being temporarily pushed aside. Temporary because traditional roles and family responsibilities can never be ignored or eliminated and it is this responsibility that women need to be empowered to encourage and give them the confidence to venture out and earn income to meet the demands of everyday life. The 20th century has become familiar with gender equality and more women and girls are stepping out of their traditional roles and embracing success despite facing economic, social, cultural and educational issues. This essay will discuss the issue of empowering women as a strategy used to help women and investment in education as the driving forces of overcoming problems and help forge a better future. Firstly, in our environment today we see more women stepping out of their traditional roles to work regardless of low or high paid income. The disadvantage on the economical level they face is the power of wealth where unnecessary spending does not allow for savings for the future. Women tend to give in to husbands demands and with peer pressure want for luxury items far beyond their affordability. For instance, our environment can influence the way we spend especially wanting what others have, for example, purchasing a vehicle can exhaust funds and create debt and borrowing. Economically this slows the growth of the economy and encourages poverty within families and the community. Secondly, the social disadvantage women face as they begin to take up higher responsibilities and thus, decision making within their household and at work encourages them to stand for their rights on any issues they face. This can lead to many social problems as they are exposed to many lifestyles such as the way they dress, attitudes and behavior changes. These changes can result to problems within the household and the community which leads to violence within families and between husband and wives or women and the community. In Bagdad, Afghanistan women who sought work in town are changing the way they dress from wearing their cultural wear, burqa (clothes that cover most of their entire body) to wearing short skirts and blouses to work. This has angered some husbands and in February 21st Pritka Singh’s husband killed her for bringing shame into the family as a mother. (Fiji Times, March 4 2013 p.19) Lastly, in most Pacific Island countries and some places within the Asian and Middle East countries, women’s role is to stay at home and look after the families while the husbands earn income to support the family financially. But as women begin to shift roles and work to earn an income, most women begin to spend most of their time at work rather than at home. For this reason most families system begins to breakup as children are left to care for themselves and the upbringing by their caretakers are under supervised can lead children to poor health. Also, divorce and broken homes happen when mothers and fathers spend time away from each other and reconciliation is beyond repair. (Personal communication Priscilla Tongi) However, even though the disadvantages are discouraging I feel that these problems can be fixed and overcome as strategies of empowering of women begin to take place. In the past, women were not allowed to stand up among men to participate in decision making but the 20th century has allowed this and why empowering of women has made a positive impact on women so far. Firstly, the advantage of empowering women to do more and engage in formal work possibility leads to economic growth. A study shows that women in Australia who held positions as board directors significantly had higher financial returns, including 53 percent higher returns on equity, 24 percent higher returns on sales and 67 percent higher returns on invested capital (www.wikipedia.org). This shows that female workers use strategies that communicate well with their employees to motivate them to perform well within the environment they work in. Secondly, the mentalities of men as the superior of both genders begin to change as women become empowered and begin to take up responsibilities similar to men. Here women have the confidence and courage to make decisions within their household, workplaces and the society as a whole. They rise from fear of being teased, mocked, seen as worthless and not important and begin to take part in important discussions with males to help their families and communities. (www.ifad.org) This social advantage helps in confirming fundamental rights of women. Finally, Education is an important element to any development within a society and without proper education poverty emerges. Through empowering of women, this strategy has encouraged more women to attend school and given the same opportunities as the male. Universities and other formal education enhances understanding on different fields like health, economics, politics etc to help them make good decisions within their families and society.(www.ifd.org) For example in Honiara at the Anglican Satellite church at Burns Creek , Literacy classes for the rural uneducated mothers are held twice a week to help them to read and write . Hence, confidence in attending community meetings and sharing in decision makings with the community become easy. Investment in education should be a priority to assist women become good role models and with educational achievements of women are more likely to be looked upon as setting good examples. (personal communication Shirley Nokia) Based on the evidence presented in this essay, empowerment of women is a positive strategy which encourages women, whereas in the past, little was done to allow women to step out from their traditional roles and into higher positions. Although the disadvantages hinder women through economical, social and educational issues, the advantages are more promising and through investment in education especially, women and girls can have a better future and make a better world for all.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Actin Expression in Hela Cells by APAAP Immunocytochemistry

Actin Expression in Hela Cells by APAAP Immunocytochemistry Kunthavai Jeevananthan Isolation of mononuclear cells, cell counts, cell staining and immunochemistry Aims: to test the morphology of sheep’s blood smear and to calculate the number of viable cells and the percentage viability of live and dead mononuclear cells. To investigate and analyse actin expression in Hela cells by APAAP immunocytochemistry. There are three main components of blood these include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocytes (platelets). Leukocytes are produced and store in a number of locations called lymphoid organs inside the body such as the spleen, thymus and the bone marrow through a process known as haematopoiesis. They are part of the bodies primary defence mechanism against infections caused by disease causing microorganisms entering the body. Leukocytes are constantly produced and released into the bloodstream where they circulate the body travelling from organs to lymph nodes where they are stored via the lymph and blood vessels. There are three different types of leukocytes known as granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes (Kara, 2011). The granulocytes include eosinophils and basophils which are involved in immune responses and also neutrophils ingest and kill any foreign body that enter the body such as bacteria and fungi. Lymphocytes help to protect against viral infections whereas others develop into antibodies against foreign invasions. Blood smears and differential staining techniques such as the Giemsa and Grunwald staining can be conducted to analyse the morphology of blood cells to help diagnose blood disorders. Mononuclear cells also known as agranulocytes are white blood cells containing one lobed nucleus. These include monocytes and immunocytes such as B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Normal blood values vary from around 50, 00 to 10, 000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre. High values of leukocytes are known as leucocytosis and it is most commonly due to inflammations as a result of an immune response or blood diseases such as leukaemia (Marshall, 2008). Low values of leukocytes are known as leukopenia this occurs when the bone marrow is unable to produce sufficient RBC like for example neutrophils which leads to neutropenia, this can make the body more prone to diseases and infections therefore mononuclear cell counts are widely used in immunology, haematological malignancy, oncology and vaccine development to monitor immunological functions and to identify and diagnose blood related conditions. This can be achieved by the Ficoll-Hypaque technique; a density gradient method that separates lymphocytes from other formed elements in blood which can be removed and stained with trypan blue in order to be viewed on a haemocytometer under the microscope. Live cells have an intact cell membrane that is impermeable to certain dyes such as trypan whereas dead cells do not therefore viable cells with a clear cytoplasm and nonviable cells with a blue cytoplasm can be identified and calculated (Harlad and Heinz et al, 2004). Immunocytochemistry is the identification of a tissue by specific antigen-antibody interaction where the antibodies are marked with a visible label for examination under the microscope which was first described by Albert H. Coons in 1941. This technique was further developed in different ways by using different indicator molecules such as fluorescein molecules, biotin and enzymes i.e. peroxidase. APAAP (alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase) is an alkaline phosphatase method first described by Cordell et al in 1984 (John, 2008). Antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins (Igs) which are further categorised in to different isotypes. The IgG isotype is most commonly used in immunocytochemistry as its biding is more consistent. Actin is a highly conserved and abundant cytoskeletal protein which exists in six different known isofroms in mammals therefore it can be used to detect cancer cells like Hela cells, a continuously cultured strain isolated from human cervical cance r cells, as they are rapidly multiplying and are rich in Actin. Beta and gamma actin are known as cytoplasmic actin as they are expressed in non-muscle cells. Mouse anti-actin antibody is used in this technique as they are a form of highly conserved globular proteins which are found in cell mortality, structure and integrity of all eukaryotic cells hence are often found around the nucleus in the cytoplasm (Richard, 2010). Results Figure 1 Figure 1.1 Red blood cell Platelets Figure 2Figure 2.1 Figure 3: Hela cells only Figure 4: No Primary control Figure 5: Isotype control Figure 6: Actin Discussion The Giemsa and Grunwald staining of the sheep’s blood smear show the all the red blood cells are approximately the same shape and size however the number of red blood cells present appears to be fairly lower than expected. There are a number of reasons as to why this could have occurred such as lack of iron lead to failure of haemoglobin production therefore the number of red blood cells lost cannot be replaced efficiently. Other causes that may result in decreased numbers of erythrocytes may be due to bone marrow damage or disorders, internal or external bleeding and kidney failure. The red blood cells were all however the same shape and size which shows that there is no cause of concern for diseases related to abnormal shapes of RBCs such as sickle cell anaemia. Although the cells appear spherical in figure 1 this may be due to the low magnification and resolution therefore in order to confirm spherocytosis further analysis in higher resolution and tests need to be carried o ut. The light pink staining in the centre of the RBC shows that the area is less dense indicating the absence of a nucleus and the biconcave structure. The mononuclear cell count shown in figure 2 does not show any live mononuclear cells. There are a number of reasons as to why this may have occurred like for example when pipetting the separated white blood cells layer on top of the ficoll layer may have been taken from the wrong layer of cells. Another point to taken into consideration is that when removing the supernatant the live cells may have also been accidentally removed with it. As sheep’s blood cells were used instead of human blood the layering in ficoll is likely to be slightly different therefore in order to obtain a better sample of live and dead mononuclear cells the white blood cells should be removed closer to the bottom of the tube just above the red blood cell pallet at the bottom. In figure 2 there were no dead cells present in the centre square therefore the percentage viability cannot be calculated by dividing the number of live cells by the number of dead cells. The red blood cell count varies from perso n to person as factors such as the altitude and gender. The normal value of male blood count is 4.5 to 6.0 x106 and in females it is 4.0 and 4.5 x 106 therefore when comparing the sheep’s RBC count of 9.3 x 106 calculated from figure 2 is high. A high number of red cell counts may be due to lung diseases, kidney tumours and polycythaemia vera (PVC). The APAAP immunocytochemistry method conducted shows that the Hela cells are a single lineage as all cells in figure 6 were stained brown when incubated with primary anti-actin antibody and secondary polyclonal Goat anti-mouse antibody which are complimentary to each other hence they will only bind to the same cell lineage with the specific antigen. Figure 5 shows a positive isotype control of hela cells incubated with purified mouse monoclonal. This confirms that the actin antibody specific background staining shown in figure 5 were not due to non-specific interactions of antibody molecules with the HeLa cell sample. Figure 4 also shows that hela cells without the secondary antibody alone without the primary antibody convey no significant background staining caused by DAB hence also supporting the fact the background staining is highly antigen specific (Stross and Jones et al, 1989). This method can be used to analyse the cellular contents, localisation and the distribution of cells in their surroundings and their relationship with other cells in peripheral blood smears, swabs, cell cultures, histological biopsy and bone marrow aspirates hereby giving definitive diagnosis to tumour and cancer diagnosis. An alternative immunocytochemistry method is Avidin-Biotin complex (ABC). Similarly like the APAAP method it involves the application of a primary antibody, secondary antibody however APAAP complex is replaced with Avidin-Biotin peroxidase complex (Buchwalow and Bocker, 2010). Reference Buchwalow, I. B, Bocker. W. (2010). Immunocytochemistry: Basics and method: Immunostaning enchantment. 48-52. Germany. Springer-Verlag. Harald, T., Heinz, D., Trosten, H. (2004). Colour Atlas of haematology: practical microscopic and clinical diagnosis. 63-66. German. Georg Thieme Verlag. John, B. D. (2008). Theory and practice of histological techniques: 433-438. United States of America. Elsevier Limited. Kara, R. (2011). Blood: Physiology and circulation. 16-22. New York. Britannia educational publishing. Marshall, C. C. (2008). Diseases and Disorders: Blood diseases. 103-106. Malaysia. Library congress Catalkukuoging-in-publication-data. Richard, B. W. (2010). Immunocytochemistry: A practical guide to biomedical research. 1-10. United States of America. Springer science and business media. Stross, P. W., Jones, M., Manson, D. Y. (1989). Automation of APAAP immunocytochemical techniques J. clin Pathol. 42(1), 106-112.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Greek Mythology Impact on Greece

Greek Mythology Impact on Greece Greek Mythology played a huge role in the development of Ancient Greece. Not only did it surround the basic structures of their buildings, it also surrounded the structure of their everyday lives. The way they would pray, the way they would complete everyday tasks, and the way they lived all centered around the gods and goddesses of Greek Mythology. People prayed to these gods for the same reasons we pray today: for health and safety, for prosperity, for a good harvest, for safety at sea. Mostly they prayed as communities, and through offerings and sacrifice they sought to please the inscrutable deities who they believed controlled their lives (National Geographics). The Greeks looked to Hades (God of the Underworld) whenever it came to death. The places where Hades ruled (The Unseen) was described as moldering horror where heroes and ordinary people went after they died (National Geographics). The Greeks began making afterlife kind of like a personal quest rather than a joyless fate. They wanted to complete whatever it was that was holding them there so that they could move on. Rather it be to a worse or a far better place. They had mystery cults that would provide guidance to the path each individual person needed to follow after their death. With the belief the Greeks had, multiple cults emerged claiming to help cleanse the s oul and lead them on the right path. And when Christianity swept the ancient world, it carried with it, along with guidance from a single deity, remnants of the old beliefs: the washing away of human corruption through mystic rites, the different fates awaiting the initiated and uninitiated, and the reverence for sacred texts (National Geographics). Believing that death could be good or bad for the Greeks, they sought out the ancestors favor with honors and offerings. Along with the help of their ancestors, they also believed that initiation into the right cult also played a part in their ultimate destination for afterlife. Greek Mythology does not have an actual Bible, like Christianity, instead their religion is an oral tradition that started in the Bronze age and their plots and themes unfolded gradually in the written literature of the archaic and classical periods (History). The Greeks worshipped multiple different gods each with different personalities and domain. There were twelve principal deities in the Greek pantheon. The two most important, and best known, are Zeus (god of the sky and father of all other gods) and Hades (god of the underworld). The relationship between human beings and deities was based on the concept of exchange: gods and goddesses were expected to give gifts. Votive offerings, which have been excavated from sanctuaries by the thousands, were a physical expression of thanks on the part of individual worshippers (metmuseum). They worshipped in sanctuaries located within the countryside or the city. A sanctuary was a well-defined sacred space set apart usually by an enclosure wall. This sacred precinct, also known as a temenos, contained the temple with a monumental cult image of the deity, an outdoor altar, statues and votive offerings to the gods, and often features of landscape such as sacred trees or springs. Many temples benefited from their natural surroundings, which helped to express the character of the divinities (metmuseum). The ritual act that many Greeks preformed was animal sacrifice. They mostly sacrificed oxen, goats, and sheep. They would sacrifice the animals at alters in front of the temples. They had groups of people that would consume the remains of the animals after the sacrifices. Religious festivals, literally feast days, filled the year. The four most famous festivals, each with its own procession, athletic competitions (14.130.12), and sacrifices, were held every four years at Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, and Isthmia. (metmuseum). Not only did religion play a huge role in Greek Mythology, so did the structures of their society. As mentioned above, they had temples set for the gods and goddesses for sacrifice purposes. Greek Architecture has influenced many cities and states to this day. One very obvious area of influence is architecture: Just look at the downtown of nearly any major city in the U.S., or many of the great cities of Europe. Ancient Greek influence is lurking within the facades of buildings as varied as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the Prado Museum in Madrid, and Downing College, Cambridge University, in Cambridge, England. When we think of ancient Greek architecture, we are generally referring to temple architecture (or other public buildings, rather than residential). Ancient Greek temples featured proportional design, columns, friezes, and pediments, usually decorated with sculpture in relief. These elements give ancient Greek architecture its distinctive character (owlation). The Greeks gave their buildings all kind of similar design. They had kind of a godly look to them. Usually to appeal to the gods and goddesses that they will be praising. They used their buildings usually for religious purposes. They had sacrifices, praises, meetings, and everything else being held in their buildings. The buildings were built to perfection, as a way to provide comfort and solitude to the gods. The people only wanted to please them, because they felt the gods and goddesses saw everything and judged everything. They did not want to disappoint them. To the people, the buildings were the gods houses. They did no bad, no wrong, or even go against the gods in the buildings. Much like how Christians are in church. The church is Gods home and we give him the upmost respect in there. The Greeks did the same thing. That is why their buildings were built the way they were. To the people, the gods and goddesses controlled everything. Ultimately you were sent to the underworld after death, not hell or heaven, but the underworld. It was the place where you stayed until you finished your unfinished business. The people began viewing it as a personal quest for them. Almost like, who will stay here the longest? And who will be going to Heaven? Who will be going to hell? The Greeks involved their everyday life to the gods and goddesses. They would not do anything that did not in some shape or form involve them. They did sacrifices to please them, they lived by their codes, they built buildings that were fit for them. Greece was surrounded by Greek Mythology. Their gods were much different than the God that Christians praise. They each had their own way of life, their own power, their own thing that they ruled. There are a total of twelve of them. One was Zeus, the god of the sky and the father of all gods. Then there is Hades, the god of the underworld. Posei don, god of the sea. Hera, Zeuss wife and sister, queen of all gods. Athena, patron goddess of Athens. Apollo, god of music and prophecy. Artemis, Apollos twin sister, patroness of hunting. Hermes, messenger god. Aphrodite, goddess of love and beauty. Dionysos, god of wine and theater. Ares, god of war. Hephaistos, god of metalworking. The people all believed that Mount Olympus, which was the highest mountain in Greece, was where the gods and goddesses all resided. Their buildings looked to the mountain, tall enough to be seen. The people worshipped that mountain along with all the deities that they believed resided it. Essentially, the Greeks worshipped numerous gods, making their religion polytheistic. They believed that exercising the opportunity to choose between a wide array of gods to worship offered them a great sense of freedom that they treasured. After all, the Greeks were known for their intellectual distinction of which their means of worship played a huge part. Each cit y-state, or polis, thus had an affiliated god who protected and guided its residents (Histoty). The Greeks believed in all twelve gods, because not one god or goddess was equal or was god of the same thing. Allowing the Greeks to believe in multiple different people for multiple different reasons. Greeks believed in so many different gods so that they could have an array of people to praise. Giving them the sense of freedom that they loved. They were not contained to one god, and they did not have to follow the words of one religious figure. They could follow the words of multiple religious figures, and if they did not believe or agree with one there were eleven more to turn to. Greeks were a very freedom loving society. They felt that people should have a choice in what and whom they believe in. Thus, starting Greek Mythology so they could have multiple people to look up to. Sources Used http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Architecture/ https://owlcation.com/humanities/The-Influence-of-Ancient-Greek-Architecture http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grlg/hd_grlg.htm http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/greek-mythology http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/07/greek-gods-ancient-greece-afterlife/ Books: hhttp://www.greekmythology.com/Books/1000_mythological_characters_briefly_describedttp://www.greekmythology.com/Books/an_introduction_to_mythology/2 http://www.greekmythology.com/Books/hero_tales http://www.greekmythology.com/Books/myths_and_legends_of_ancient_greece_and_rome http://www.greekmythology.com/Books/myths_of_greece_and_rome_narrated_with_special_reference_to_literature_and_art http://www.greekmythology.com/Books/the_odyssey

Monday, August 19, 2019

Stanley V. Illinois :: essays research papers

Stanley v. Illinois Nature of Case: The plaintiff is Peter Stanley. He said that his rights to equal protection of the law under the 14th Amendment have been violated. He believes that the Illinois law that makes children of unwed father’s wards of the state upon death of the mother violated his rights. Facts: Joan and Peter Stanley lived intermittently together for 18 years, in which they had 3 children. When Joan Stanley died, Stanley’s children were declared wards of the state and placed with court appointed guardians after a dependency hearing by the State of Illinois. Stanley claimed that he had never been shown to be an unfit parent. He believed that since married fathers and unwed mothers could not be deprived of their children without proving this, neither should he. The Illinois Supreme Court accepted the fact that Peter Stanley’s unfitness had not been proven but rejected that he was deprived of his rights under the 14th amendment. Issue: Did the State of Illinois violate the Equal Protection Clause when it denied Peter Stanley a hearing on his fitness to keep his children? Holding: Yes, a hearing is guaranteed by equal protection under the law, for both married fathers and unwed mothers & unwed fathers. Rule: 1. Justice White, speaking for the majority believes that the decision in this case is similar to Bell v. Burson, in which held that the state could not deprive a person of there drivers license pertaining to a speeding violation without a hearing. He stated: "The states interest in caring for Stanley’s children is de minimis if Stanley is shown to be a fit father. It insists on presuming rather than proving Stanley’s unfitness solely because it is more convenient to presume than to prove. 2. They concluded that all Illinois parents are constitutionally entitled to a hearing on their fitness before their children are removed from their custody. Denying such a hearing to Stanley and those like him while granting it to other Illinois parents is inescapably contrary to the Equal Protection Clause. 3. The rule of law that justifies the holding of the case is: "It is cardinal with us that the custody, care, and nurture of the child reside first in the parents , whose primary function and freedom include preparation for obligations the state may neither supply nor hinder" (Prince v. Mass.). 4. "The integrity of the family unit has found protection in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Ninth Amendment.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Comparing the Mormon Religion to Catholic and Protestant Faiths Essay

Comparing the Mormon Religion to Catholic and Protestant Faiths The Mormon religion is very unique in many of its doctrine. While technically a Protestant faith, the Mormons generally share more doctrine with the Catholics. Because of its unique nature, I will be analyzing the Mormon faith, its history, organization, and doctrine, in comparison with the beliefs held by both Catholics and Protestants. Establishment On April 6, 1980, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (aka the Mormon Church) was founded. [It is interesting to note that according to Mormon doctrine (Doctrine and Covenants 20:1), April 6 is the birthday of Jesus Christ.] 10 years prior to this event, in 1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph Smith knelt in a quiet grove in upper New York state and prayed for guidance in choosing a church to join. According to LDS historical records, his prayer was answered by the visitation of two heavenly personages. One, the Heavenly Father, spoke to him and said, pointing to the other, "This is my Beloved Son. Hear Him!" This second personage, Christ, told Smith that he should join no existing church, that the true church he had established upon the Earth had become corrupted and fallen away from the truth over the passing years. Smith was instructed that he was to aid in the restoration of the pure gospel of Jesus Christ in these latter days. Mormons consider this divine visitation and the restoration of Christ's church to be the fulfillment of the prophecy of the Apostle Peter when he said, "He shall send Jesus Christ. . .whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the world began." (Acts 3:20-21). ... ...rious sins such as murder, adultery, lying, and who do not repent in mortality. There is a fourth place where souls can go after death – Outer Darkness. This place is only those who deny the Holy Ghost, have a perfect testimony of the Gospel and willfully deny it. The Mormon view of afterlife is discussed at great length in Doctrine and Covenants chapter 76. These are just a few of the beliefs of the Mormon faith. Evidenced by the discussion of these is the fact that while Mormonism is technically a Protestant faith, it shares many doctrinal points with both Protestants and Catholics. Beyond its shared theology, Mormonism has several very unique teachings, ones generally not expounded by any other Christian faith. Perhaps it is these novel pieces of doctrine that appeal to people and have made Mormonism the fastest growing faith in the world today.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Srs for Bpo Management System

CALL CENTRE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Vision Version ABSTRACT: A Call center is an area where several customer service representative (CSR) agents are located to man a bank of telephones and computer terminals. These agents are specially trained on telephone etiquette, the type of customer queries, that may arise and on how to respond to these queries in a quick and efficient manner.A Call center can also equipped with an automatic call handling system like an Interactive Voice Response system (IVR) so that all routine, repetitive queries   Call center has tremendous impact on business. Call centers for selling goods and services, as well as call centers for providing customer care, is going to become a familiar part of the business of virtually every person. Call centers also pioneered the developed of self-service via the telephone, using interactive voice response technology.It is providing a richer and friendlier environment for self-service transactions than the tone telephone can be answered by the system without the customer having to speak to a CSR agent Revision History |Date |Version |Description |Author | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table of Contents 1. Introduction1 . 1. Purpose and Intended Audience1 1. 2. Scope of Product1 1. 3. Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations2 1. 3. 1. Definitions2 1. 3. 2. Acronyms3 1. 3. 3. Abbreviations4 1. 4. Overview4 1. 5. References4 2. General Description6 2. 1. Product Perspective6 2. 2. Product Features6 2. 2. 1. Data Management6 2. 3. User Characteristics7 2. 3. 1. Use-Case Diagram7 2. 3. 2. Actors7 2. 3. 3. Use-Case Descriptions7 2. 3. 4. Scenarios8 2. 3. 5. Usermanual 8 2. 4.General Constraints12 2. 5. StakeholderProfile 12 2. 6. UserEnvironment 12 3. Product Overview6 4. Specific Requirements13 4. 1. External Interface Requirements13 4. 1. 1. User Interfaces13 4. 2. System Requirements18 4. 2. 1. Hardware requirements18 4. 2. 2. Software requiements18 4. 2. 3. Software interface22 4. 3. Non-behav ioral Requirements28 4. 3. 1.Performance Requirements28 4. 3. 2. Qualitative Requirements28 4. 3. 3. Design and Implementation Constraints28 4. 3. 4. Benifits29 Vision Introduction 1 Purpose and Intended Audience Call Center Management System is an Intranet and Internet Application which deals with Automation of a call center, Recruitment, performance of call center executives, payroll management and also deals with Customer Queries. 2 Scope of Product This system shall give a solution to ensure that the Customer can use the proposed new channels to access information as well as submit applications and first appeals.System shall comprise of the Call Centre and the Web Portal. We would like to maintain a common application to submit applications/first appeals received through the proposed new channels i. e. Call Centre and Portal. This common application shall be the Web Portal. Customers can be Citizens as well as Government officials. Broadly, the scope of work will comprise the fo llowing: 1. Setup, Operate and Maintain Call Centre 2. Develop, Implement and Maintain Portal 3. Provisioning of Data Centre– Disaster Recovery services for hosting of Portal 4.Training to Government Personnel 3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations 1 Definitions The definitions in this section are given in the context of the product being developed. This intention is to assist the user in their understanding of the requirements for the system. |TERM |DEFINITION | |A-K |Program outcomes defined by BPO management system.Please refer to [1] for a complete list. | |Archive |To maintain data in a designated repository; in BPOMS, data will be maintained in the central| | |database. | |Assessment |The systematic and periodic evaluation of whether call centre executives are suitable to | | |answer all the customer queries. |Call center Number |A center request number | |Central database |An MS-Access database maintained by the BPO company to store queries related to call center . | |Product Request Number |Unique, five-digit identifier assigned by the system to identify each category in the call | | |center. |Download |Transferring data files from a main source to a secondary source. | |Encrypt |The alteration of data so that it is meaningful only to the intended receiver. | |Mapping |The linkages of two objects, e. g. , a customer query to a solutions in the database. | |System outcomes |This will include the sections comes under call center in which customer can ask their | | |queries. |Property list |A list of properties or attributes associated with an object; in BPOMS this is a list of | | |login names of the customer who can access call center and the list is associated with a call| | |center section. | |category number |A 3-digit field that corresponds to a category in the call center. | |Server |The main computer in a network.A central computer that connects and services those computers| | |(clients) attached to it. | |Customer |A person who wants to clarify his/her query related to the system. | |User profile |User characteristics maintained by the system | |Weight |A factor used to adjust a value. | 3 Acronyms ACRONYM |MEANING | |BPOMS |BPO Management System | |CSR |Customer Service Representative | |PRN |Product Request Number | |DBMS |Database Management System | |DFD |Data Flow Diagram | |GUI |Graphical Use Interface | |OMT |Object Modeling Technique | |SRS |Software Requirements Specification | |TBD |To Be Determined | |IVRS |Interactive Voice Response system | 5 Abbreviations |ABBREVIATION |MEANING | |e. g. For example | |Id |Identification | |i. e. |Such as | |info. |Information | 5 Overview The SRS is divided into three major sections: Introduction (Section 1), General Description (Section 2), and Specific Requirements (Section 3). This overview describes Section 2 and Section 3 of the SRS. Section 2 includes five subsections. Section 2. 1 provides a description of the product, its overall structure, and its functionality. Section 2. 2 summarizes the main features of the software from a high-level point of view. Section 2. identifies the different users of the system. This is accomplished through use-cases. A summary of the actors, use-cases, and scenarios is given. Section 2. 4 states existing constraints. Section 2. 5 gives the assumptions and dependencies of BPOMS. Section 3 includes four major subsections. External Interface Requirements (Section 3. 1) gives the requirements for user, hardware, software and communications interfaces. Behavioral Requirements (Section 3. 2) organizes the requirements in the following categories: same class of user, related real-world objects, stimulus, related features and functional requirements. Non-behavioral Requirements (Section 3. ) consists of performance and qualitative requirements, as well as design and implementation constraints. Section 3. 4 outlines database, operations and site adaptation requirements. 6 References ? www. google. com ? www. wikipedia. com ? IEEE SRS format General Description 1 Product Perspective BPOMS is designed to provide call center with a tool that facilitates in clarifying the queries of the customer. A more complete description of BPOMS’s functionality can be found in Section 2. 2. There are various existing products that have similar functionality to BPOMS. Although the some software products provide many of BPOMS’s features, the ability to manage and map outcomes to assessment items is not supported. 2 Product FeaturesThe main purpose of this system is to increase a company’s flexibility. However, several sources have different ways in which they perceive organizational flexibility. Therefore business process outsourcing (BPO) enhances the flexibility of an organization in different ways. 1 Data Management When managing customer query-related data, the system will allow the supporter to perform operations such as entering possible queries, entering solutions to th e queries. Data management includes the entry, storage, and manipulation of different methods of assessment. BPOMS will also provide executive with a tool with which they will check for the validation for every query he/she arise.This includes exceptional solution features such as displaying queries and their solutions in two levels: by category, and by product request number. 3 User Characteristics The main user of BPOMS is the customer. She/he is the person who is primarily in charge of a particular query for which call center is being performed. Because the system will have a GUI with a standard format, the customer will not need to have a high level of technical expertise. The following subsections present the Use-Case model for BPOMS. After presenting the use-case diagram, the section describes the actors, use cases, and scenarios. See Appendix A for the high-level use-case diagram. 1 Use-Case Diagram See Appendix B for a high-level, use-case diagram 2 ActorsBPOMS classifies th e actors of the system into three groups: Customer: The customer can login into the system by enter his/her details, ask queries and get the solutions. Central Database: The central database is responsible for storing data related to customer queries and its solution. Call center executive: Responds to calls by asking the customers query and provide solutions to the customer. Supporter: Perform searching operation to give solutions to the customer from the database. Admin: Maintains the data stored in the database and update the queries and its solutions in the database. 3 Use-Case Descriptions †¢ Customer Registration: This module deals with Customer Registration to the web site before querying to the call center Executive. Customer Queries:  This module deals with queries put forth by the customer through mail. †¢ Recruitment Module : This module deals with Recruitment process of a call center executive †¢ Payroll Module:  This deals with payment calculation of a call center employee based on the policies of the company. †¢ Employee Module: This deals with managing the call center employees and customers. The use cases that are associated with an include relationship are as follows: †¢ Access the system: the customer can access the system through a unique login name and password. †¢ Open section: the customer can select a category from the list of category that comes under call center.The use cases that are associated with an extend relationship are as follows: †¢ Set password – The customer can set the password for accessing and entering information on the system. †¢ Set property list – The customer can set the property list that gives the login names for the customer who can access a center. 4 Scenarios Use Case: Customer Registration Actor: Customer and database Scenario: 1. The customer enters values for the following attributes: a. name b. contact number c. date of birth d. password e. email-id 2 . The customer saves the information to the database. Alternatives: 1. The customer does not enter all required information. 2. The customer modifies a value in an existing attribute. 3.The customer enters a new value to an existing attribute. 4. The customer enters an incorrect value for product number. 5. The customer enters an incorrect value for PRN. Use Case: Customer Query Actor: Customer, database, and call center executive Scenario: 1. The customer enters values for the following attributes: a. customer name (first, last, middle initial) b. password c. query category 2. The customer asks for the solution with the call centre executive. Alternatives: 1. The customer does not enter all required information. 2. The customer modifies a value in an existing attribute. 3. The customer enters a new value to an existing attribute. 4.The customer enters an incorrect value for username and password Use Case: Customer login Actor: Customer, database Scenario: 1. The customer enters a l ogin name. 2. The customer enters a password. 3. The local database confirms the password through the local database. Alternatives: 1. The customer enters an incorrect login name. 2. The customer enters an incorrect password. Use Case: Open category Actor: Customer, database Scenario: 1. The customer selects a category in which he/she can ask queries from a list of categories in the system. 2. The general information about the system is displayed. Alternatives: None Use Case: Set password Actor: Customer, database Scenario: 1.The customer selects the option to change password. 2. The system prompts the customer for a password. 3. The customer enters a password. 4. The system prompts the customer to renter the password. 5. The system accepts the new password Alternatives: 1. The password that the customer enters the second time does not match the previously entered password. Use Case: Recruitment Module Actor: Executive, database Scenario: 1. This module deals with Recruitment proces s of a call center executive. 2. The system will store the details of the executive in the database. Alternatives: 1. An executive name is invalid. Use Case: Payroll Module Actor: Executive, database Scenario: 1.This module deals with payment calculation of a call center employee based on the policies of the company. 2. The system will store the salary details of the employee in the database. Alternatives: A payment calculation is incorrect. Use Case: Employee Module Actor: Executive, database Scenario: 1. This module deals with managing the call center employee and customer. 2. The system will store the details of the employee and customer in the database. Alternatives: An executive name is invalid. 2. 3. 5 USER MANUAL ? Customer: a person who has mediated interface at Call Centre via telephone or direct interface at the portal. ? Appellate Authority: a person who receives and responds to the customer calls. Call Centre Executive: Responds to calls for mail and Submit application a nd first appeal on behalf of customer in system. ? User: A person who provides the data for a computer system, updates the data, and uses reports from the system in his or her daily work. ? Server: The main computer in a network. A central computer that connects and services those computers (clients) attached to it. 2. 4 General Constraints The general constraints on the development of the system are as follows: †¢ The system will not be accessible to unauthorized customers. †¢ All data transmitted to the central database will be encrypted. †¢ The customer should ask a valid query with the call center employee. 2. 5 Stakeholder Profile |S.NO |STAKEHOLDER |ROLES |INTERFACE | |1 |Customer |Mediated interface at Call Centre via telephone |Direct interface at the system | | | |Direct interface at the portal | | |2 |Appellate Authority |Receives first appeal |Direct Interface at system | | | |Responds to appeal | | |3 |Call center executive |Responds to calls for mail | Indirect Interface at system | | | |information, application and appeals | | | | |Submit application on behalf of customer in system| | | | | | | | | |Submit first appeal on behalf of customer in system| | | | | | |4 |Supporter |Search for the solution from the database |Direct interface with the system | | | |Gives information to the customer | | |5 |Admin |Maintain the database details. |Direct interface with the database. | | | |Update the solutions for the queries in the | | | | |database. | | 6 User environment 1. To complete this task a single developer is involved. 2. Amount of time spend in completing this task is three months. 3. Any unique environmental constraints: mobile, outdoors, in-flight, etc.? 4. This system uses windows platform. Product OverviewThe project gets the queries from the various customers and stores them in a centralized data store. When there are number of queries the queries are stored up in a queue and then the queries are processed one by on e. There are separate blocks called data recognizer for recognizing the data, i. e. queries, and data interpreter for interpreting those queries. The input query from the customer is first recognized by the data recognizer by comparing with the entries in the data base store. In the database the solution for each and every query is stored and maintained. Then it is interpreted as what type of query it is and how it should respond to the query.The input query is compared with the queries in the database store. The solution for the input query is founded. The information service switch switches the application between different types of distributed services. The final result, the reply to the customer’s query is obtained at the end. Specific Requirements 1 External Interface Requirements The following section discusses the requirements related to the interfaces used to communicate with external entities. These entities include human customers and other hardware and software int erfaces that permit the system to carry out its tasks. 1 User Interfaces The requirements presented in this section describe the interfaces for BPOMS.The requirements do not assume a particular interface; however, the requirements are grouped according to the main features (as defined by the use cases) provided by the system. Note that the requirements that follow a subheading support the activities associated with the feature named by the subheading. 2 Applicable Standards The standards of this system include the following platform compliance standards and software: PLATFORM USED: ? Windows SOFTWARE USED: ? VB ? MS-ACCESS 2 System Requirements System Requirements: ? Hardware Requirements: PROCESSOR: 32 BIT, Intel core (i3) RAM: 256 MB HARD DISK: 40 GB MONITOR: SVGA Monitor (800*600 RESOLUTIONS) CLOCK SPEED: 266 MHz KEYBOARD: 101 KEYS MOUSE: Logitech FLOPPY DRIVE: 1. 44 MB ? Software Requirements: OPERATING SYSTEM: Windows FRONT END: VB BACK END: MS-ACCESSMIDDLEWARE: J2EE SERVER: To mcat4. 1 ? Software interface: †¢ Client on Internet: Web Browser, Operating System (Windows). †¢ Client on intranet: Client Software, Web Browser, Operating System (Windows). †¢ Web Server: WAMP Server, Operating System (Windows) †¢ Data Base server: MS-ACCESS, Operating System (Windows). 3 Non-behavioral Requirements 1 Performance Requirements With client and server running on the same machine, response time will be a maximum of two seconds. 2 Qualitative Requirements 1 Security This section is not complete. Additional requirements will follow. Each time there is a security violation, the log file will be updated with he login, date, and time. 2 Maintainability The system will be designed to allow the following changes: ? Database queries. ? Administration of Ms-Access. ? Archive files to database. 3 Portability The system will run on multiple platforms, in particular Windows, UNIX, and Macintosh. 3 Design and Implementation Constraints The system will be desig ned for the following future extensions: ? Archive call center-section data ? Use of existing category information as template for creation of a new category section ? Administration of database ? Customer access 4. 3. 4 Benefits 4. 3. 4. 1 Benefits to the Citizen: †¢ Power of information is just a phone call away Removes the hassles of physical presence at Central Public Authority for filing application †¢ Money saved by way of travel time / wage loss as well as for making Drafts/ Postal Order from Bank and Post Offices †¢ Government bears the cost of transmitting the application to the Central Public Authority †¢ Citizen’s handicap arising out of literacy level variations could be overcome by the Call Centre executives, who would understand, screen and do the necessary handholding in filing RTI applications. 4. 3. 4. 2 Benefits to the Government: †¢ Systematic management and real time monitoring of RTI applications and first appeals. †¢ Further improvement in transparency in government functioning. †¢ Empowerment of Common man through easy information dissemination. †¢ Man-hours spent by individual departments in collecting RTI applications can be saved by centralizing the process on the Portal. †¢ Support data analysis indicating area of improvement as well as sectors demanding intervention.

Is discovery always a good thing? Essay

Humanity’s interest in unknown world has been universal and enduring. Accompany with human development, discovery the unknown world has become more and more important to human life. Some people think discovery is a good thing. They will tell you how X-ray used by medical professionals to help diagnose and treat a wide range of medical problems. They will also tell you what a mass your life will be if Benjamin Franklin did not discovered electricity. But other argue people think discovery bring disaster to human. They will tell you if Martin Heinrich Klaproth did not discover uranium, maybe atomic bomb would not been invented. Although the question about whether discovery always a good thing has so many different opinions. I believe that discovery has a positive effect on our life. Discoveries provide the benefit greater than the risk. It makes our life efficient and comfortable. This essay will pinpoint benefits of discovery. The first opinion is discovery in medicine can rais e patients’ survival rates and reduce the pain caused by the illness. After that I will talk about the convenience bring by discovery in the daily life. Finally, I will state that discovery advance human development. From 18st century, human have discovered so many important things in the medical field. These medical discoveries have had a great impact on the development of modern medicine. Have you ever heard about X-rays? In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays. He was not searching for X-rays. In fact, he did not known such a thing existed until he discovery proved that it was there. Nowadays X-rays were widely used in medicine domain, and have been one of the most powerful, useful, and lifesaving diagnostic tools in the world. Another example is penicillin. Penicillin is a unexpected discovery. It has saved millions of people during the last years of world war two alone. Penicillin is the first antibiotic to successfully fight bacterial infections and disease. In 20th century, it was called a miracle medicine, and opened an door to entry antibiotic families. Obviously these discoveries make great contribution to modern medicine. They not only raise patients’ survival rates but also relieve the pain for patients. We could not image how the hospital would be without these greatest discoveries. So it is obvious that discovery in medical field is a good thing. The discovery is not only benefit in medical field, but also benefit in our normal lives. Today discoveries have deeply  effect human lives. They bring great convenience to daily life. What would happen if no one discovered electricity? We would not be able to watch TV, and use our computers or cell phones. Because neither of them would work properly. Also no air-conditions, no refrigerators, no elevators. A lot of things would be done by hand. All of people would go to bed about 8 pm because there is not much to do after dark. Especially, the out activities would be difficult and dangerous without outside lights. I do not think human would go back after adapting to the electricity world. In our modern society where all aspects of our lives are al most totally dependent upon electricity. All of these equipment we used today, we owe thanks to Benjamin Franklin who discovered electricity in 1752. Thus I think discovery is so important in our daily lives. No discovery, no comfortable life. Humans crave knowledge. It’s hard-wired into our DNA. Without discovery, we would never have left the cave, invented the wheel or flown to outer space. Human development need new technology and innovation. No innovation, no development. Discovery is one of most important methods of innovation. If Benjamin Franklin did not discover electricity, perhaps Thomas Edison would not invent electric light. If John Bardeen did not discover the transistor effect of semi -conductor materials, maybe Robert Watson-Watt would not invent radar. DNA is another example. Francis Crick and James Wat son discovered DNA. That discovery has been called â€Å"the most significant discovery of the century.† DNA structure al lowed medical scientists to understand many deadly diseases, and to find cures. In conclusion, I think discovery advance human development. Today’s discoveries will shape tomorrow’s world. So human will never stop discovery the world. Discoveries are often unexpected. No matter how or why something (like uranium or anthrax) was discovered. The discovery itself was not harmful,but what humans do with it can be. That is why I always think discovery is a good thing. Discoveries mark the progress of human civilizations. They advance human development. New discoveries in medical field have opened up new possibilities in treatment a lot of human sickness. So far that diseases like cancer and HIV is not so horrifying. And as we all know discoveries bring great convenience to our daily lives. So who could say discovery is not a good thing.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Health and Child Care Practitioner Essay

Keeping children healthy and safe is very important. To ensure children’s health, safety and wellbeing every home nations has sets of standards or welfare requirements which settings must meet. The standards vary from country to country, but they all exists in order to protect children. Child care practitioner need to be familiar with minimum Welfare requirements, Safeguarding children, Promoting welfare, Suitable people, Organisation, Premises, Environments, Equipment, Documentation . Section 1 –Quality of Care. Standard 1 – Safeguarding and child protection. The safeguarding of children is best promoted through: The regular review of policies and procedures, Access to approved training for all staff on safeguarding issues on a regular three-yearly basis , If all children are resting/sleeping on mats or low beds, it is acceptable that the staffing arrangements as per required ratios, do not have to be med but a minimum of two staff must remain with the group of children. It is also important in settings that providing group-based care that a member of staff have a designed responsibility for Safeguarding and child protection. Standard 4 – Health & Safety in the Setting. The section requires settings to ensure the relevant regulations and guidance are meet, registrations with their local Environmental Health Service and compliance with their guidance, reference is made to staff/child-minders being ‘’under the influence of any substance’’, this relates to alcohol or drugs, also reference is made in the Minimum Standards to valid fire-safety risk assessment , the risk assessment should be regularly reviewed and updated in line with Northern Ireland Fire Rescue Service Guidance. Facilities that have been registered for some years may hold a Fire Safety Certificate. Standard 5- Food and Drink. The social value of children eating is recognised. Whilst it is beneficial to have a separate dining room in a full day care settings, all settings are required to register with their local Environmental Health Service and comply with all guidance issued. Level 2 Food Hygiene Certificate it should noted, the standards identifies the need for all setings to provide food and drinks for the four main food groups, for sessional care playgroups, creches and after school settings, it is acknowledged that they are not required to provide non-dairy sources of protein like meat, fish, eggs, beans Section 2- Quality of Staffing, Management &Leadership. Standard 11- Organisation of the Setting. In terms of addressing the requirements of this Standard, the following issues should be addressed: Staffing ratio, Absence of person in charge, Lead Time for applications for Managers in post, Existing Staff with qualifications, Existing Staff without qualifications, New staff without qualifications, Babies and toddlers, School aged children, Students in placement, Volunteers, Daily Registrations, Minimum number of staff available, Excursions school pick-ups, child-minders Mandatory Training , Arrangements for Emergencies, Child-minders with an assistant. Standard 12- Suitable Person. The term substantial access therefore does not refer to these employed to care for children in a child minding or day care setting, but anyone who has access to the children throughout the period of time in which care is provided and the register person. Vetting does not only refer to criminal record checks but includes medical references, employment and personal references and Social Services checks. Vetting will be carried out in line with the Regional Vetting Procedure. Section 3- Quality of Physical Environment. Standard 13- Equipment provided by all settings will be furniture, play equipment, must be sufficient and suitable for all ages. High chairs must have point harness, all outdoor play equipment must be safety secured in terms of safety, appropriate insurance cover must be held, it is also important that staff have access to comfortable seating which allow them to feed a bottle to or nurse an infant. . Section 4 –Ability of Monitoring and Evaluation Standard 15 Documentation. As all records, including those pertaining to children and staff, are accessible to the Trust’s Registration and Inspection staff, The reference to article 126 of the Children(NI) 1995 relates to the requirement to keep record of the name of: any child looked after on the register premises, any person who assist in looking after a child, any person who lives, or is likely at any time to be leaving , also providers should be aware that accidents may need to be reported to the Health and Safety Executive like work related, serious injuries, to staff or children , work related diseases , over three day injuries. Section 5- Policies and procedures. Trusts in their regulatory capacity, will wish to be satisfied that providers have the range of policies and procedures as outlined in this section, it is important that all policies and procedures including risk assessment are reviewed an annual basis . List of Policies as outlined in the Minimum Standards: Absence of the Manager, Accidents, Additional Needs, Complaints, Confidentiality, Consent, Data Protection, Equality, First aid, Infection prevention and control, Managing Emergences, Menu Planning, Mobile phones, Parents access to record, Participations, Provision for Food and drink , Security on the setting, Smoking. 1. 2 Explain the lines of reporting and responsibility within the work setting. When we are working with children it is important to understand the lines of reporting and responsibility. In some small settings the lines of reporting may be quite simple but, in a large setting certain member of the staff may be responsible for different areas. In my setting if in case of any accident, incident, illness or any other emergency I have to report to my teacher and then to others responsible, my setting also have Health and Safety officer, fire officer, child protection officer, safe guarding officer and a full qualified first aid for every stage. When an accident/ incident occurs at the setting we record it in our incident/ accident book which is kept in the office filing cabinet. .Some illnesses must be reported to the local health authority such like tuberculosis, mumps, meningitis. In my setting we have our emergency procedures displayed in every classroom, and the reception aria so all the staff, students or volunteers they will know where to report in case of any emergency. Legislation of Health and safety NI at work of order 1978 Employee responsibilities: Comply with health and safety policy and procedures, keep the safe working practise and use any or all safety equipment that is provided. Take care of yourself and the safety of others who may be affected by your actions. Employer responsibilities: Making the workplace safe and eliminate health risks is one of the many, providing adequate welfare facilities, ensure health and safety in work place ,provide training ,safety equipments ,understand the importance of regular risk assessment. 3. 1 Explain how to promote children’s health and well-being in a an early years work setting Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity. Health can be thought of a bit like a jigsaw puzzle as there are various components that need to come together in order to maintain good health and well-being both for children and adults. If one part is missing health is affected. Some of the components of health are : Nutrition, Health care, Hygiene, Play opportunities, Rest and sleep, Safe guarding and protection, Positive experience, Love and attention, Fresh air and lights, Diet, Physical activities, Medical care. Rest and sleep is an essential requirement for good health and development. Sleep appears to have many vital functions required to support a healthy immune system: aids the regulation of hormones and the processing of information by the brain. If a child is not sleeping enough this can have negative impact on the child health such as: Growth, Memory and learning, Illness, Behaviour and impulsivity. The sleep amount hours will vary, depends on the child age for example a child between 1-3 years may need to sleep between 12- 14 hours per day, also children in this age they need to nap in the afternoon , we have to make sure that the nap is not to long so the children can sleep during the night, another issue about sleeping is the safety , by making sure that there are no objects that my suffocate children, also the cot have to be comfortable, worm and clean , the rom temperature should be 18-21 not too cold, not too worm . Personal Hygiene is very important for everyone but especially for young children because good hygiene prevent possible infection, children need to be kept clean but also the environment they are living in, By teaching children how to wash hands correctly, how to brush their teeth or hair we can help young children understand the importance of a good hygiene. We can teach children how to maintain a god personal hygiene by playing games, through different activities such as painting or through singing/ puppet show but also through good role model. Immunisation is the use of vaccines to give immunity for a specific diseases, the vaccinations prevent children from getting ill but also some of the diseases can be contagious for other children and also for the staff . Love and attention is about children’s emotional well- being and is linked to their health. Babies and children can become depressed if they are not given sufficient attention. The attention the babies and young children will receive is from their parents but also from the childcare practitioner, this mean that children must have a key person who can establish a special relation with them so they feel loved and protected. Diet what children eat and drink has a pivotal effect on their health. The term balanced diet is often used in connection with the healthy eating. A balanced diet is one in which there are sufficient nutrients in right quantities for children and adults. The child care practitioner can promote a healthy diet by teaching children about healthy foods, the importance of healthy food. As an child care practitioner working with the early years I am in the unique position to influence the lives of the young children by promoting healthy living in the setting I work. I have to help children understand the importance of the healthy lifestyle 5. 1 Identify balanced meals and drinks for children in their early years, following current government guidance on nutritional needs. Just like adults young children need energy ( calories) from food and nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals, to make sure their bodies work properly and can repair themselves. At this age children grow very quickly and are usually very active, so they need plenty of calories and nutrients. A healthy and varied diet should provide all nutrients the child need. A well balanced diet is who will have: Milk and dairy foods, meat, fish, beans, and lentils , bread and other cereals such as rice , pasta , potatoes, breakfast cereals, fruit and vegetables, fruit juices and water.